The 158 Corps in the History of the National Revolution Army
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Preface
The writer introduced the rise and fall of the army led by KMT in his book “The 158 Corps in the History of the National Revolution Army”. We would be pleased if the reader could impersonal cognize and comment on the origin and development of the NRA, realize the development and the changes of its organization, and make a little contribution to the cross-strait relationship and the unity of the motherland by this book.
We must remember Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of the Chinese democratic revolution, when we study the rise and fall as well as the development of the NRA. It was he who promoted the first KMT - CPC cooperation, built the NRA as a new type of the revolution army, and established a stable basis for the further cooperation between KMT and CPC. It has been approved by the fact that both of the twice cooperation between KMT and CPC made the important contribution for the improvement of the modern China. In the first cooperation, KMT and CPC got rid of the foreign intervention, beat the Northern warlords and finished the tangled warfare among the latter. In the second cooperation, the two parties beat the Japanese invaders and won the victory of the Anti-Japanese War under the flag of Anti-Japanese National United Front. The remnants of defeated NRA troops turned to Taiwan alone with the failure of ROC regime on the continent at the end of 1940s. This was the start of the confrontation between the Mainland and Taiwan.
History is a mirror. Although there were many times when China was invaded by the outside or suffered the civil war in the Chinese history, China was succeeded in the national unity after each time of war and division. This was because the long history and cultural tradition of China. It can’t be destroyed by any foreign intervention. Dr. Sun Yat-sen said that “China is a united country. It is a profound brand in our historical consciousness. That was why China could be kept as a country”. Historically, Taiwan was separated from China for twice, and respectively ruled by Holland and Japan. Taiwan which had been ruled by Japan for a half century returned to China after the Anti-Japanese war. But the current Taiwan authorities which is under the controlling of a handful of the Taiwan separatists attempts to leave away from China and go to the dead end of Taiwan Independence. It runs in the opposite directions with the historical tendency of the unity of China. It is the sacred mission of the age for every Chinese people and the great cause related with the long-term interest of the nation of China to achieve in the unity of China.
Mao Zedong, the leader of CPC, said that “the situation of KMT and CPC took the key part in the Chinese revolution since 1924.” It is proved by the development of the history of the relationship in the cooperation between KMT and CPC and the history of the rise and fall of the NRA that, the cooperation between the two parties is good for the nation while the struggle would be the bad. It is the historical experiences and lessons, the rule of the history and the only answer for the cross-strait relationship. Peace and development becomes the main melody in the international affairs. It is inevitable direction for the peaceful rise and complete unification of China. Those who complies with it will be prosperous, whereas those who takes the opposite part will be destroyed. After the New China founded, the leaders of CPC in these dozens of years vigorously propose the third cooperation between KMT and CPC in order to achieve in the unity of China as soon as possible. They not only proposed a series of theory, principle and policy, and also adopted many operatable methods, and actively promote and continuously make efforts on the unity of China for many years and in many fields. This shows the sincerity and confidence of CPC for achieving in the unity of China as soon as possible. Reviewing the glory and shame as well as the rise and fall, looking at the great cause for the unity of China, we are pleasured if the readers could be encouraged by the decorous history by the book “The 158 Corps in the History of the National Revolution Army”. We also expect that there will be more mutual trust and understanding in the cross-strait relationship and achieve in the great cause of the unity of Chinese together as soon as possible.
Last edited: Jul 22, 2015
Go to defend the motherland, the Soviet Union, by arms.
By the Communist Party of China, 1929.
franc001sher, Jun 22, 2015 #3
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0. Summarize for The Organization of the National Revolution Army
The 158 corps in the history of KMT refers to the 158 army corps which are founded, reorganized and led by KMT. It had several kinds of different names, such as “the Army of KMT” (国民党军, Guomin Dang Jun), “the National Revolution Army” (NRA, 国民革命军, Guomin Geming Jun) and “the National Army” (国军, Guo Jun). Dr. Sun Yat-sen founded the Huangpu (Whampoa, 黄埔) Military Academy in 1924 with the aid from Russia. “The Army of the Academy” (校军, Xiao Jun) was renamed as “the Army of KMT” later. The Supreme Committee of the KMT decided to rename “the Army of Establishing State” (建国军, Jianguo Jun, “AES" for short) in different regions and “the Army of KMT” as the NRA in June 15, 1925. The National Government was founded in July. The Military Commission of the National Government renamed the other troops which were under its command to the NRA (“The National Revolution Army of the Republic of China” for full name) in August 18. From then on, the “NRA” was the correct name for this military.* But it was often called as “the Army of KMT” as it was led by KMT. Sometimes it was shorted as “the National Army”.** The name “the Army of KMT” is adopted in this book for short.***
* Translator: The NRA was renamed as “the National Army” in December 25, 1947 when the constitution of ROC took effect.
** Translator: This is the short name in Chinese.
*** Translator: I will use the “NRA” for short in the translated text.
(01) The Foundation of the NRA and the Coexistence of the Southern and the Northern Warlords
The Capitalist Democratic Revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Empire of Qing, founded the Republic of China and started a new era of the Chinese history. But the Chinese capitalist class was very small and weak. The revolutionaries didn’t have their army and revolutionary arms as their faithful supporters. So the domination as the fruit of the revolution was held by Yuan Shikai (袁世凯) and his Northern Authorities.
The Northern Authorities started to split into different warlords after Yuan dead in June, 1916. These warlords fought with each other for the domination. The civil war became more and more violent. Dr. Sun rebuilt the Guangzhou Military Government and assigned Chen Jiongming (陈炯明), a Guangdong warlord, as the minister of internal affairs and the chief of army in November, 1920. He founded the Grand Marshal Mansion (大元帅府, Da Yuanshuai Fu), took the place of “Grand Marshal of the Chinese Army and Navy” (中国陆海军大元帅, Zhongguo Lu Hai Jun Da Yuanshuai) and assigned Cheng Qian (程潜) and Zhu Peide (朱培德) as the ministry of armament and the commander of the defence army (拱卫军, Gongwei Jun) respectively in Guangzhou during March, 1923. Dr. Sun renamed the troops from the southern warlords including Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan who supported the Guangdong revolutionary government as “the Army of Establishing State”. From then on, the Southern Warlords which supported Dr. Sun and his Southern Military Government and the Northern Warlords which supported the Northern Military Authorities formed in the southern and northern China respectively. Those southern and northern warlords were the precursor of the NRA. Their rise and fall as well as their system of organization and development played an important role in the foundation and development of the NRA in the later era. The important warlords were as follow:
1. The Zhili Clique: It was mainly led by Cao Kun (曹锟) and Wu Peifu (吴佩孚). The Zhili Clique was one of the strongest forces in the Northern Warlords, directly controlled the Northern Authorities and was the origin of many other warlords. In 1920, there were 18 divisions and 18 mixed brigades in the oob of the main forces of Zhili Clique as well as 8 divisions, 13 brigades and 5 garrison headquarters (镇守使署, Zhenshou Shi Shu) as its local forces. Zhili Clique controlled the Northern, Eastern and the central China. It was the major enemies of the Northern Expedition Army in 1926. Most of its troops were reorganized or disbanded by the NRA.
2. The Anhui Clique: Its was mainly led by Duan Qirui (段祺瑞). The Anhui Clique held the power of the Northern Authorities at once but was beaten by the alliance of the Zhili and Fengtian Cliques in 1920 and gave up in the competition for the power of the central government. Most of its troops were reorganized by the Zhili Clique.
3. The Fengtian Clique: It was mainly led by Zhang Zuolin (张作霖). The Fengtian Clique took the power of China at once, and was a relatively independent and powerful force in the Northern Warlords. Fengtian Warlords had 32 brigades in 1924 and become one of the strongest forces in the Northern China. Zhang Xueliang (张学良) inherited the power in June, 1928 after his father was murdered by the Japanese and declared the “Northeast Flag Replacement” (东北易帜, Dongbei Yizhi) and reunified with the National Government in December of this year. This clique became one of the important faction of the NRA in the later era.
4. The Union of Zhili and Shandong: It was mainly led by Zhang Zongchang (张宗昌) and controlled Shandong, Tianjin and Baoding. This clique derived from the Fengtian Clique and became a relatively independent force. Most of this faction was reorganized by the NRA while the rest was received by other warlords such as Fengtian Clique in 1928 during the Northern Expedition.
5. The Union of Five Provinces: It was led by Sun Chuanfang (孙传芳) who was from the Zhili Clique and was the commander of the Union of Fujian and Jiangxi. This faction came from the remnants of the Northern Authorities in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi and Anhui after the war between Zhejiang and Fengtian Clique. Zhejiang and Jiangsu was its most important region. Some troops in this faction were reorganized by the NRA and the Union of Zhili and Shandong in the first phase of the Northern Expedition while the rest became a part of the NRA in 1928 during the second phase.
6. The Central Army: The Central Army referred to the military forces commanded by Chiang Kai Shek (蒋介石, Jiang Jieshi) and his KMT central government. It came from the “the Army of KMT” which formed by the teachers and students in the Huangpu Military Academy. It was renamed to the NRA, and known as “the Army of KMT” while it was shorted as “the National Army”. “The Army of KMT” was reorganized into the 1st NRA corps before the Northern Expedition. There were many warlord troops which were reorganized by the Central Army along with the rapid development of the Northern Expedition and this made it to be the most powerful faction of the NRA.
7. The Northwest Clique: It was also called as “the Nationalist Army” (Guomin Jun, 国民军) and mainly led by Feng Yuxiang (冯玉祥) who was the former commander of the 3rd Zhili corps. It came from a part of the Zhili Clique at first and these troops became the 1st Guomin Jun Corps. There were some other troops which became the Guomin Jun later, including the forces commanded by Hu Jingyi (胡景翼) and Sun Yue (孙岳) from the Zhili Clique, the forces commanded by Wei Yisan (魏益三) from the Fengtian Clique and the forces commanded by Fang Zhenwu (方振武) from the Union of Zhili and Shandong. All of those troops were called as the Northwest Clique. Feng Yuxiang founded the Union of Nationalist Army (国民联军, Guomin Lianjun) by his 1st Nationalist corps together with the former 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Nationalist corps and took part in the Northern Expedition of the NRA in 1926. The Northwest Clique became an important force in the NRA later.
8. The Shanxi Clique: It was also called as “the Northern Revolution Army” and renamed as “the Army of Shanxi and Suiyuan” (晋绥军, Jin Sui Jun) which was mainly led by Yan Xishan (阎锡山). It had 4 mixed brigades and 4 regiments in 1917 and became a relatively independent force in the Northern Warlords. All of Shanxi and a part of Suiyuan province were controlled by this faction. The Shanxi Clique took part in the Northern Expedition in June, 1927 and reorganized as “the Northern Army” (北方军, Beifang Jun) of the NRA with 8 infantry and 1 cavalry corps as well as 24 divisions and 7 brigades. This faction became an important part in the NRA.
9. The Guangxi Clique: There were both the old and the new clique. The old one was led by Lu Rongting who was a bandit. He was assigned as the governor of Guangxi in the early ROC and expended his power into other provinces later. Lu was against Dr. Sun after Sun was assigned as the “Extraordinary President”. He attacked Guangdong in June, 1921 and exiled to Viet Nam after being defeated. Li Zongren (李宗仁), Huang Shaohong (黄绍竑) and Bai Chongxi (白崇禧) who caught the chance reorganized the troops of the old clique and became the new Guangxi Clique step by step. The new Clique became an important part in the NRA.
10. The Sichuan Cliques: The Sichuan Cliques is an important force in the NRA and was divided into a few sub-cliques. There were 8 important independent sub-cliques in the Sichuan Cliques which were led by Liu Xiang (刘湘), Yang Sen (杨森), Liu Wenhui (刘文辉), Liu Cunhou (刘存厚), Liu Chengxun (刘成勋), Deng Xihou (邓锡侯), Tian Songyao (田颂尧) and Lai Xinhui (赖心辉) respectively. All of them were reorganized by the NRA one after another later and the Sichuan Cliques became an important part in the NRA.
11. The Yunnan Clique: It was derived from the “National Protection Army” (护国军, NPA) led by Cai E (蔡锷). There were 3 corps in the NPA during the National Protection War and fought against Yuan Shikai who claimed to be the emperor. The 1st and the 2nd corps were led by Tang Jiyao (唐继尧) later and fought with the Sichuan Cliques for the land and population in a long term. The 3rd corps was led by Li Liejun (李烈钧) who followed with Dr. Sun and took part in the Constitutional Protection War in Guangdong Province. The Yunnan troops in Guangdong were reorganized as the 3rd NRA corps in August, 1925. Other Yunnan troops also joint the NRA by telegram during the Northern Expedition and the Yunnan Clique became an important part in the NRA.
12. The Guizhou Clique: It was a dependency of the Yunnan Clique but turned to the Northern Warlords later and took parts in the wars between Yunnan and Guizhou. Yuan Zuming (袁祖铭), the most powerful leader of the Guizhou Clique, joint the NRA and took part in the Northern Expedition outsize the Guizhou Province. Yuan was killed by Tang Shengzhi (唐生智) for the accusation of rebellion and his troops were reorganized by the NRA.
13. The Hunan Cliques: Its origin was the New Army in Hunan Province at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Its leader was Tan Yankai (谭延闿) at first and split into 3 sub-cliques which were led by Tan, Cheng Qian (程潜) and Zhao Hengti (赵恒惕) respectively. Zhao followed with the Northern Warlords and kicked Tan and Cheng and their sub-cliques out of Hunan Province one after another as they followed with the Southern Revolutionary Government. These troops were reorganized by Dr. Sun into the Hunan AES (建国湘军, Jianguo Xiangjun) and the Hunan Army of Marching Hubei (攻鄂湘军, Gong E Xiangjun) respectively. The Zhao’s sub-clique was split into several parts which were led by Tang Shengzhi, He Yaozu (贺耀祖) and Ye Kaixin (叶开鑫) respectively and all of them took parts in the Northern Expedition. The Hunan Cliques became an important part in the NRA later.
14. The Guangdong Clique: Guangdong was the citadel for revolutionary activities held by Dr. Sun who was the father of KMT. This clique was annihilated by Yuan Shikai after the Revolution of 1911 and rebuilt by Dr. Sun in July, 1917 when he founded the Military Government of Constitutional Protection (护法军政府, Hufa Junzhengfu) and assigned Chen Jiongming as the commander in chief. It split into two parts in June, 1922 when Chen betrayed Dr. Sun by arms. One part was led by Xu Chongzhi (许崇智) who followed with Dr. Sun and reorganized into the Guangdong AES (建国粤军, Jianguo Yuejun) while another part was the rebels which followed with Chen and destroyed by the National Government in the two expeditions to the east. The Guangdong AES was reorganized into the 4th and the 5th NRA corps. The Guangdong Clique became an important part in the NRA later.
15. The Shaanxi Clique: The Shaanxi Clique mainly referred to the 2nd and 3rd Nationalist corps which were led by Hu Jingyi and Sun Yue respectively. These troops were defeated by the Zhili and Fengtian Cliques in 1924 after the Beijing Coup and the remnants of them became a part of the Nationalist Army led by Feng Yuxiang. This clique were mainly led by Yang Hucheng (杨虎城), Li Yunlong (李云龙), Deng Baoshan (邓宝珊) and Jing Yuexiu (井岳秀).
16. The Xibei San Ma: It mainly referred to the Chinese Muslin forces led by Ma Buqing (马步青), Ma Bufang (马步芳), Ma Hongbin (马鸿宾) and Ma Hongkui (马鸿逵) in Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia. The ruling of this clan was inherited from generation to generation. They were attached to the Northern Warlords, the Nationalist Army and the Central Army one after another in the Modern History of China and became an important force in the NRA.
17. The Henan Clique: It was reorganized by Yuan Shikai in 1912 and was also called as “the Army of Songshan Garrison” (镇嵩军, Zhen Song Jun) which mainly referred to the bandit forces in the mountain area of western Henan province for a long term and was mainly led by Fan Zhongxiu (樊钟秀), Liu Zhenhua (刘振华) and Liu Mao’en (刘茂恩). Fan joint the Constitutional Protection War led by Dr. Sun and his troops were reorganized into the Henan AES (建国豫军, Jianguo Yujun) while the forces led by Liu Zhenhua and Liu Mao’en were stayed in the mountain area of western Henan province and attached to the Zhili Clique in the Northern Warlords for a long time. The forces led by Liu Zhenhua and some others were beaten and reorganized by the Nationalist Army and became a part of the later.
There were also some other local factions in Hubei, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu and Anhui besides the important warlords above as well as the forces led by Zhao Ti (赵倜), Mi Zhenbiao (米振标) and Lin Yun’e (靳云鹗) which were the parts of the Henan faction at once. They were reorganized by the NRA one after another in the tangled warfare among the old and new warlords and became the parts of the origin of the NRA at its beginning of foundation.
Last edited: Aug 7, 2015
Go to defend the motherland, the Soviet Union, by arms.
By the Communist Party of China, 1929.
franc001sher, Jun 28, 2015 #4
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(02) The Foundation of the Huangpu Military Academy as well as the Constitution and Development of the NRA
The full name for the Huangpu Military Academy was “the KMT Military Academy” which was founded in Changzhou Island, Huangpu, Guangzhou at first and this was the reason why it was also called as the “Huangpu Military Academy”. This academy was founded by the KMT and CPC during the conflict against the imperialism, feudalism and warlord. Dr. Sun assigned himself as well as Chiang Kai-shek (蒋介石, Jiang Jieshi), Liao Zhongkai (廖仲恺), Qian Dajun (钱大钧) and Dai Chuanxian (戴传贤) as the chairman, the president, the party representative, the chief of staff and the director of the political department (Zhou Enlai as the agent). There were some remarkable communists who took part in the foundation and teaching of the academy in different times including Ye Jianying (叶剑英), Xu Xiangqian (徐向前) and Nie Rongzhen (聂荣臻). The CPC organizations in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Changsha and Jinan actively recruited and recommended many members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth League as well as some outstanding youths to be the students in this academy. There were 80s communists among the 500s graduates in the first grade.
It was the beginning of the NRA when KMT and CPC founded the Huangpu Military Academy. Dr. Sun organized the student troops of the academy into the 1st and 2nd academy regiments in September, 1924. The Army of the Academy and a part of the Guangdong Clique which was led by Xu Chongzhi followed with the Guangdong Revolutionary Government and launched the expedition to Chen Jiongming and his faction which controlled the Dongjiang (东江) area in Guangdong from the beginning of February to the end of March in 1924. Later in April, the Army of the Academy was renamed as “the Army of KMT” when the 3rd regiment was founded and organized the 1st brigade together with the 1st and 2nd regiments. The Supreme Committee of the KMT decided to rename the AES in different regions and “the Army of KMT” as the NRA in June 15 of the same year while the National Government decided to officially rename its troops as the “NRA” in July 26. All of the NRA was reorganized into 5 corps. The Army of KMT was expanded and reorganized into the 1st NRA corps with 3 divisions and 9 regiments. This was one of the earliest corps in NRA.
Chen Jiongming controlled the Dongjiang area again in September, 1925. The NRA launched the second expedition to the Dongjiang area at the beginning of October and completely annihilated Chen’s troops at the beginning of November. The National Government recaptured the Dongjiang area and united the Guangdong province. Until July, 1927, besides the reorganization from the army of the Academy to the 1st NRA corps, the AES troops from Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Fujian, Hubei and Guangxi as well as the Hunan troops led by Tang Shengzhi were also reorganized into the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th corps respectively. The triangular organization was used for the organization inside the corps. The National Government decided to launch the Northern Expedition with those 8 corps as its main forces in order to overthrow the ruling of the Northern Warlords at this time and announced “the Outline of the Organization for the GHQ of the NRA” (国民革命军总司令部组织大纲, Guomin Geming Jun Zong Silingbu ZuZhi Dagang) in July, 7. It regulated in this act that “the National Government assigns a commander in chief of the NRA” as well as “the commander in chief holds the post of the chairmen of the Military Commission together” and clearly pointed out that all of the army, navy and air force which was led by the National Government should be commanded by the commander in chief. The National Government founded the GHQ of the NRA and assigned Chiang Kai-shek as the commander in chief. It undoubtedly created the advantages for Chiang to found his personal military dictatorship in the legality.
The NRA rapidly expanded after the Northern Expedition started. In September, 1926, the main forces of the NRA including the 1st, 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th corps which were commanded by the front commander Tang Shengzhi broke through the defence lines in Hunan and Hubei provinces set by Wu Peifu, a Northern Warlord, and occupied Changsha, Hanyang and Hankou one after another before reaching the foot of Wuchang. At the same time, The Nationalist Army led by Feng Yuxiang took a mass pledge in Wuyuan, Suiyuan Province (绥远省五原) and announced to reorganize itself into the Union of Nationalist Army. Feng decided to take part in the Northern Expedition and support the Shaanxi province by arms at first. This action dispersed Wu’s forces and coordinated with the actions held by NRA in the south. The Northern Expedition forces occupied the city of Wuchang in October 10 and got the victory in the battle of Hunan and Hubei by eliminating most of Wu’s main forces. The reinforcement forces sent by Feng Yuxiang to Shaanxi together with the defenders in Xi’an which were led by Yang Hucheng and Li Yunlong and were the parts of the former Nationalist Army annihilated the Zhili forces led by Liu Zhenhua and Liu Mao’en in November 19. The Northern Expedition of the NRA had reached its goal of the first step.
Yan Xishan, the military governor of Shanxi province, announced by telegram that he renamed his Shanxi troops as “the Northern Revolution Army” and assigned himself as the commander in chief in June, 1927 when the NRA launched the Northern Expedition and got the victories one after another. Some other local factions also joint the NRA under the influence from Feng and Yan as well as their cliques. The forces of the NRA expanded from 8 to 37 corps until August, 1927. The Wuhan National Government organized its NRA into the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th armies and assigned Chiang Kai-shek, Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan and Tang Shengzhi as their commander respectively. There were the 1st to 5th fronts in the 1st Army and commanded by He Yingqin (何应钦), Cheng Qian, Li Zongren, Tang Shengzhi and Zhu Peide (朱培德) respectively; the 1st to 9th fronts in the 2nd Army and led by Sun Liangcheng (孙良诚), Lin Yun’e, Fang Zhenwu (方振武), Song Zheyuan (宋哲元), Yue Weijun (岳维峻), Yu Youren (于右任), Liu Yufen (刘郁芬), Liu Zhenhua and Lu Zhonglin (鹿钟麟) respectively; the 1st to 10th corps as well as the reserve corps in the 3rd Army and led by Shang Zhen (商震), Yang Aiyuan (杨爱源), Xu Yongchang (徐永昌), Fu Cunhuai (傅存怀), Fu Rujun (傅汝钧), Wei Yuxi (韦玉玺), Zhang Yinwu (张荫吾), Tan Qinglin (谭庆林), Zheng Zesheng (郑泽生), Li Weixin (李维新) and Zheng Fu’an (郑福安) respectively; the 1st and 2nd fronts in the 4th Army and commanded by Tang Shengzhi (concurrent) and Zhang Fakui (张发奎) respectively.
Chiang Kai-shek founded the Nanjing National Government in April 18, 1927 and started to confront with the Wuhan National Government led by Wang Jingwei (汪精卫). Wang allied with Tang Shengzhi and publicly opposed with the Nanjing Government in September. The military commission of the Nanjing Government decided to launch the expedition on the west and fight against Tang in October 29 and the War between Nanjing and Wuhan broke out. This war was also called as the War between Li (Zongren) and Tang (Shengzhi) (李唐战争, Li Tang Zhanzheng). Chiang Kai-shek stepped down for the split of the National Government and the counter attacking to the south by the Northern Warlord such as Wu Peifu and Sun Chuanfang. The Nanjing Government controlled Wuhan and occupied Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces in November 15. Tang Shengzhi was forced to step down. The Guangxi Clique founded a new 4th Army which was commanded by Li Zongren. There were 56 corps under the command of the 4 NRA armies at that then.
Chiang Kai-shek was assigned as the commander in chief of the NRA again in the early 1928 after reuniting between the National governments in Nanjing and Wuhan. This reunited the NRA which was once split. The 2nd and 3rd NRA armies led by Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan defeated the Fengtian Clique led by Zhang Zuolin and the union of Zhili and Shandong led by Zhang Zongchang in Zhangde, Henan (河南彰德) and Baoding, Hebei (河北保定) as well as the Beijing and Tianjin area. The NRA entered Beijing in the beginning of June, 1928 and overthrew the ruling of the Northern Warlords. Chiang, Feng, Yan and Li Zongren who were the new warlords discussed and adopted the “Plan for the Military Reorganization” (《军事整理案》, Junshi Zhengli An) in order to limit the development of the military power of each other in July 13. It was decided in this act that the position of the commander in chief of the NRA and the armies as well as the organization of the armies and corps would be abandoned and reorganize the elite troops into 50 to 60 divisions. The organization of the armies and corps were abolished in every troops based on the regulations and requirements of the “Plan for the Military Reorganization”. The NRA troops were reorganized into 150s divisions (including the new, temporary and the cavalry ones) and 30s independent brigades (same with the former). Zhang Xueliang , the former commander in chief of the Manchurian Garrison Army, declared the “Northeast Flag Replacement” in December 29 of this year and attached his Fengtian Clique to the NRA. The Nanjing Government assigned Zhang as the commander in chief of the Manchuria border-guard forces. The Nanjing National Government led by Chiang nominally united China at this moment.
Last edited: Aug 7, 2015
Go to defend the motherland, the Soviet Union, by arms.
By the Communist Party of China, 1929.
franc001sher, Jul 1, 2015 #5
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(02) The Foundation of the Huangpu Military Academy as well as the Constitution and Development of the NRA
The full name for the Huangpu Military Academy was “the KMT Military Academy” which was founded in Changzhou Island, Huangpu, Guangzhou at first and this was the reason why it was also called as the “Huangpu Military Academy”. This academy was founded by the KMT and CPC during the conflict against the imperialism, feudalism and warlord. Dr. Sun assigned himself as well as Chiang Kai-shek (蒋介石, Jiang Jieshi), Liao Zhongkai (廖仲恺), Qian Dajun (钱大钧) and Dai Chuanxian (戴传贤) as the chairman, the president, the party representative, the chief of staff and the director of the political department (Zhou Enlai as the agent). There were some remarkable communists who took part in the foundation and teaching of the academy in different times including Ye Jianying (叶剑英), Xu Xiangqian (徐向前) and Nie Rongzhen (聂荣臻). The CPC organizations in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Changsha and Jinan actively recruited and recommended many members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth League as well as some outstanding youths to be the students in this academy. There were 80s communists among the 500s graduates in the first grade.
It was the beginning of the NRA when KMT and CPC founded the Huangpu Military Academy. Dr. Sun organized the student troops of the academy into the 1st and 2nd academy regiments in September, 1924. The Army of the Academy and a part of the Guangdong Clique which was led by Xu Chongzhi followed with the Guangdong Revolutionary Government and launched the expedition to Chen Jiongming and his faction which controlled the Dongjiang (东江) area in Guangdong from the beginning of February to the end of March in 1
Preface
The writer introduced the rise and fall of the army led by KMT in his book “The 158 Corps in the History of the National Revolution Army”. We would be pleased if the reader could impersonal cognize and comment on the origin and development of the NRA, realize the development and the changes of its organization, and make a little contribution to the cross-strait relationship and the unity of the motherland by this book.
We must remember Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of the Chinese democratic revolution, when we study the rise and fall as well as the development of the NRA. It was he who promoted the first KMT - CPC cooperation, built the NRA as a new type of the revolution army, and established a stable basis for the further cooperation between KMT and CPC. It has been approved by the fact that both of the twice cooperation between KMT and CPC made the important contribution for the improvement of the modern China. In the first cooperation, KMT and CPC got rid of the foreign intervention, beat the Northern warlords and finished the tangled warfare among the latter. In the second cooperation, the two parties beat the Japanese invaders and won the victory of the Anti-Japanese War under the flag of Anti-Japanese National United Front. The remnants of defeated NRA troops turned to Taiwan alone with the failure of ROC regime on the continent at the end of 1940s. This was the start of the confrontation between the Mainland and Taiwan.
History is a mirror. Although there were many times when China was invaded by the outside or suffered the civil war in the Chinese history, China was succeeded in the national unity after each time of war and division. This was because the long history and cultural tradition of China. It can’t be destroyed by any foreign intervention. Dr. Sun Yat-sen said that “China is a united country. It is a profound brand in our historical consciousness. That was why China could be kept as a country”. Historically, Taiwan was separated from China for twice, and respectively ruled by Holland and Japan. Taiwan which had been ruled by Japan for a half century returned to China after the Anti-Japanese war. But the current Taiwan authorities which is under the controlling of a handful of the Taiwan separatists attempts to leave away from China and go to the dead end of Taiwan Independence. It runs in the opposite directions with the historical tendency of the unity of China. It is the sacred mission of the age for every Chinese people and the great cause related with the long-term interest of the nation of China to achieve in the unity of China.
Mao Zedong, the leader of CPC, said that “the situation of KMT and CPC took the key part in the Chinese revolution since 1924.” It is proved by the development of the history of the relationship in the cooperation between KMT and CPC and the history of the rise and fall of the NRA that, the cooperation between the two parties is good for the nation while the struggle would be the bad. It is the historical experiences and lessons, the rule of the history and the only answer for the cross-strait relationship. Peace and development becomes the main melody in the international affairs. It is inevitable direction for the peaceful rise and complete unification of China. Those who complies with it will be prosperous, whereas those who takes the opposite part will be destroyed. After the New China founded, the leaders of CPC in these dozens of years vigorously propose the third cooperation between KMT and CPC in order to achieve in the unity of China as soon as possible. They not only proposed a series of theory, principle and policy, and also adopted many operatable methods, and actively promote and continuously make efforts on the unity of China for many years and in many fields. This shows the sincerity and confidence of CPC for achieving in the unity of China as soon as possible. Reviewing the glory and shame as well as the rise and fall, looking at the great cause for the unity of China, we are pleasured if the readers could be encouraged by the decorous history by the book “The 158 Corps in the History of the National Revolution Army”. We also expect that there will be more mutual trust and understanding in the cross-strait relationship and achieve in the great cause of the unity of Chinese together as soon as possible.
Last edited: Jul 22, 2015
Go to defend the motherland, the Soviet Union, by arms.
By the Communist Party of China, 1929.
franc001sher, Jun 22, 2015 #3
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0. Summarize for The Organization of the National Revolution Army
The 158 corps in the history of KMT refers to the 158 army corps which are founded, reorganized and led by KMT. It had several kinds of different names, such as “the Army of KMT” (国民党军, Guomin Dang Jun), “the National Revolution Army” (NRA, 国民革命军, Guomin Geming Jun) and “the National Army” (国军, Guo Jun). Dr. Sun Yat-sen founded the Huangpu (Whampoa, 黄埔) Military Academy in 1924 with the aid from Russia. “The Army of the Academy” (校军, Xiao Jun) was renamed as “the Army of KMT” later. The Supreme Committee of the KMT decided to rename “the Army of Establishing State” (建国军, Jianguo Jun, “AES" for short) in different regions and “the Army of KMT” as the NRA in June 15, 1925. The National Government was founded in July. The Military Commission of the National Government renamed the other troops which were under its command to the NRA (“The National Revolution Army of the Republic of China” for full name) in August 18. From then on, the “NRA” was the correct name for this military.* But it was often called as “the Army of KMT” as it was led by KMT. Sometimes it was shorted as “the National Army”.** The name “the Army of KMT” is adopted in this book for short.***
* Translator: The NRA was renamed as “the National Army” in December 25, 1947 when the constitution of ROC took effect.
** Translator: This is the short name in Chinese.
*** Translator: I will use the “NRA” for short in the translated text.
(01) The Foundation of the NRA and the Coexistence of the Southern and the Northern Warlords
The Capitalist Democratic Revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Empire of Qing, founded the Republic of China and started a new era of the Chinese history. But the Chinese capitalist class was very small and weak. The revolutionaries didn’t have their army and revolutionary arms as their faithful supporters. So the domination as the fruit of the revolution was held by Yuan Shikai (袁世凯) and his Northern Authorities.
The Northern Authorities started to split into different warlords after Yuan dead in June, 1916. These warlords fought with each other for the domination. The civil war became more and more violent. Dr. Sun rebuilt the Guangzhou Military Government and assigned Chen Jiongming (陈炯明), a Guangdong warlord, as the minister of internal affairs and the chief of army in November, 1920. He founded the Grand Marshal Mansion (大元帅府, Da Yuanshuai Fu), took the place of “Grand Marshal of the Chinese Army and Navy” (中国陆海军大元帅, Zhongguo Lu Hai Jun Da Yuanshuai) and assigned Cheng Qian (程潜) and Zhu Peide (朱培德) as the ministry of armament and the commander of the defence army (拱卫军, Gongwei Jun) respectively in Guangzhou during March, 1923. Dr. Sun renamed the troops from the southern warlords including Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan who supported the Guangdong revolutionary government as “the Army of Establishing State”. From then on, the Southern Warlords which supported Dr. Sun and his Southern Military Government and the Northern Warlords which supported the Northern Military Authorities formed in the southern and northern China respectively. Those southern and northern warlords were the precursor of the NRA. Their rise and fall as well as their system of organization and development played an important role in the foundation and development of the NRA in the later era. The important warlords were as follow:
1. The Zhili Clique: It was mainly led by Cao Kun (曹锟) and Wu Peifu (吴佩孚). The Zhili Clique was one of the strongest forces in the Northern Warlords, directly controlled the Northern Authorities and was the origin of many other warlords. In 1920, there were 18 divisions and 18 mixed brigades in the oob of the main forces of Zhili Clique as well as 8 divisions, 13 brigades and 5 garrison headquarters (镇守使署, Zhenshou Shi Shu) as its local forces. Zhili Clique controlled the Northern, Eastern and the central China. It was the major enemies of the Northern Expedition Army in 1926. Most of its troops were reorganized or disbanded by the NRA.
2. The Anhui Clique: Its was mainly led by Duan Qirui (段祺瑞). The Anhui Clique held the power of the Northern Authorities at once but was beaten by the alliance of the Zhili and Fengtian Cliques in 1920 and gave up in the competition for the power of the central government. Most of its troops were reorganized by the Zhili Clique.
3. The Fengtian Clique: It was mainly led by Zhang Zuolin (张作霖). The Fengtian Clique took the power of China at once, and was a relatively independent and powerful force in the Northern Warlords. Fengtian Warlords had 32 brigades in 1924 and become one of the strongest forces in the Northern China. Zhang Xueliang (张学良) inherited the power in June, 1928 after his father was murdered by the Japanese and declared the “Northeast Flag Replacement” (东北易帜, Dongbei Yizhi) and reunified with the National Government in December of this year. This clique became one of the important faction of the NRA in the later era.
4. The Union of Zhili and Shandong: It was mainly led by Zhang Zongchang (张宗昌) and controlled Shandong, Tianjin and Baoding. This clique derived from the Fengtian Clique and became a relatively independent force. Most of this faction was reorganized by the NRA while the rest was received by other warlords such as Fengtian Clique in 1928 during the Northern Expedition.
5. The Union of Five Provinces: It was led by Sun Chuanfang (孙传芳) who was from the Zhili Clique and was the commander of the Union of Fujian and Jiangxi. This faction came from the remnants of the Northern Authorities in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi and Anhui after the war between Zhejiang and Fengtian Clique. Zhejiang and Jiangsu was its most important region. Some troops in this faction were reorganized by the NRA and the Union of Zhili and Shandong in the first phase of the Northern Expedition while the rest became a part of the NRA in 1928 during the second phase.
6. The Central Army: The Central Army referred to the military forces commanded by Chiang Kai Shek (蒋介石, Jiang Jieshi) and his KMT central government. It came from the “the Army of KMT” which formed by the teachers and students in the Huangpu Military Academy. It was renamed to the NRA, and known as “the Army of KMT” while it was shorted as “the National Army”. “The Army of KMT” was reorganized into the 1st NRA corps before the Northern Expedition. There were many warlord troops which were reorganized by the Central Army along with the rapid development of the Northern Expedition and this made it to be the most powerful faction of the NRA.
7. The Northwest Clique: It was also called as “the Nationalist Army” (Guomin Jun, 国民军) and mainly led by Feng Yuxiang (冯玉祥) who was the former commander of the 3rd Zhili corps. It came from a part of the Zhili Clique at first and these troops became the 1st Guomin Jun Corps. There were some other troops which became the Guomin Jun later, including the forces commanded by Hu Jingyi (胡景翼) and Sun Yue (孙岳) from the Zhili Clique, the forces commanded by Wei Yisan (魏益三) from the Fengtian Clique and the forces commanded by Fang Zhenwu (方振武) from the Union of Zhili and Shandong. All of those troops were called as the Northwest Clique. Feng Yuxiang founded the Union of Nationalist Army (国民联军, Guomin Lianjun) by his 1st Nationalist corps together with the former 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Nationalist corps and took part in the Northern Expedition of the NRA in 1926. The Northwest Clique became an important force in the NRA later.
8. The Shanxi Clique: It was also called as “the Northern Revolution Army” and renamed as “the Army of Shanxi and Suiyuan” (晋绥军, Jin Sui Jun) which was mainly led by Yan Xishan (阎锡山). It had 4 mixed brigades and 4 regiments in 1917 and became a relatively independent force in the Northern Warlords. All of Shanxi and a part of Suiyuan province were controlled by this faction. The Shanxi Clique took part in the Northern Expedition in June, 1927 and reorganized as “the Northern Army” (北方军, Beifang Jun) of the NRA with 8 infantry and 1 cavalry corps as well as 24 divisions and 7 brigades. This faction became an important part in the NRA.
9. The Guangxi Clique: There were both the old and the new clique. The old one was led by Lu Rongting who was a bandit. He was assigned as the governor of Guangxi in the early ROC and expended his power into other provinces later. Lu was against Dr. Sun after Sun was assigned as the “Extraordinary President”. He attacked Guangdong in June, 1921 and exiled to Viet Nam after being defeated. Li Zongren (李宗仁), Huang Shaohong (黄绍竑) and Bai Chongxi (白崇禧) who caught the chance reorganized the troops of the old clique and became the new Guangxi Clique step by step. The new Clique became an important part in the NRA.
10. The Sichuan Cliques: The Sichuan Cliques is an important force in the NRA and was divided into a few sub-cliques. There were 8 important independent sub-cliques in the Sichuan Cliques which were led by Liu Xiang (刘湘), Yang Sen (杨森), Liu Wenhui (刘文辉), Liu Cunhou (刘存厚), Liu Chengxun (刘成勋), Deng Xihou (邓锡侯), Tian Songyao (田颂尧) and Lai Xinhui (赖心辉) respectively. All of them were reorganized by the NRA one after another later and the Sichuan Cliques became an important part in the NRA.
11. The Yunnan Clique: It was derived from the “National Protection Army” (护国军, NPA) led by Cai E (蔡锷). There were 3 corps in the NPA during the National Protection War and fought against Yuan Shikai who claimed to be the emperor. The 1st and the 2nd corps were led by Tang Jiyao (唐继尧) later and fought with the Sichuan Cliques for the land and population in a long term. The 3rd corps was led by Li Liejun (李烈钧) who followed with Dr. Sun and took part in the Constitutional Protection War in Guangdong Province. The Yunnan troops in Guangdong were reorganized as the 3rd NRA corps in August, 1925. Other Yunnan troops also joint the NRA by telegram during the Northern Expedition and the Yunnan Clique became an important part in the NRA.
12. The Guizhou Clique: It was a dependency of the Yunnan Clique but turned to the Northern Warlords later and took parts in the wars between Yunnan and Guizhou. Yuan Zuming (袁祖铭), the most powerful leader of the Guizhou Clique, joint the NRA and took part in the Northern Expedition outsize the Guizhou Province. Yuan was killed by Tang Shengzhi (唐生智) for the accusation of rebellion and his troops were reorganized by the NRA.
13. The Hunan Cliques: Its origin was the New Army in Hunan Province at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Its leader was Tan Yankai (谭延闿) at first and split into 3 sub-cliques which were led by Tan, Cheng Qian (程潜) and Zhao Hengti (赵恒惕) respectively. Zhao followed with the Northern Warlords and kicked Tan and Cheng and their sub-cliques out of Hunan Province one after another as they followed with the Southern Revolutionary Government. These troops were reorganized by Dr. Sun into the Hunan AES (建国湘军, Jianguo Xiangjun) and the Hunan Army of Marching Hubei (攻鄂湘军, Gong E Xiangjun) respectively. The Zhao’s sub-clique was split into several parts which were led by Tang Shengzhi, He Yaozu (贺耀祖) and Ye Kaixin (叶开鑫) respectively and all of them took parts in the Northern Expedition. The Hunan Cliques became an important part in the NRA later.
14. The Guangdong Clique: Guangdong was the citadel for revolutionary activities held by Dr. Sun who was the father of KMT. This clique was annihilated by Yuan Shikai after the Revolution of 1911 and rebuilt by Dr. Sun in July, 1917 when he founded the Military Government of Constitutional Protection (护法军政府, Hufa Junzhengfu) and assigned Chen Jiongming as the commander in chief. It split into two parts in June, 1922 when Chen betrayed Dr. Sun by arms. One part was led by Xu Chongzhi (许崇智) who followed with Dr. Sun and reorganized into the Guangdong AES (建国粤军, Jianguo Yuejun) while another part was the rebels which followed with Chen and destroyed by the National Government in the two expeditions to the east. The Guangdong AES was reorganized into the 4th and the 5th NRA corps. The Guangdong Clique became an important part in the NRA later.
15. The Shaanxi Clique: The Shaanxi Clique mainly referred to the 2nd and 3rd Nationalist corps which were led by Hu Jingyi and Sun Yue respectively. These troops were defeated by the Zhili and Fengtian Cliques in 1924 after the Beijing Coup and the remnants of them became a part of the Nationalist Army led by Feng Yuxiang. This clique were mainly led by Yang Hucheng (杨虎城), Li Yunlong (李云龙), Deng Baoshan (邓宝珊) and Jing Yuexiu (井岳秀).
16. The Xibei San Ma: It mainly referred to the Chinese Muslin forces led by Ma Buqing (马步青), Ma Bufang (马步芳), Ma Hongbin (马鸿宾) and Ma Hongkui (马鸿逵) in Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia. The ruling of this clan was inherited from generation to generation. They were attached to the Northern Warlords, the Nationalist Army and the Central Army one after another in the Modern History of China and became an important force in the NRA.
17. The Henan Clique: It was reorganized by Yuan Shikai in 1912 and was also called as “the Army of Songshan Garrison” (镇嵩军, Zhen Song Jun) which mainly referred to the bandit forces in the mountain area of western Henan province for a long term and was mainly led by Fan Zhongxiu (樊钟秀), Liu Zhenhua (刘振华) and Liu Mao’en (刘茂恩). Fan joint the Constitutional Protection War led by Dr. Sun and his troops were reorganized into the Henan AES (建国豫军, Jianguo Yujun) while the forces led by Liu Zhenhua and Liu Mao’en were stayed in the mountain area of western Henan province and attached to the Zhili Clique in the Northern Warlords for a long time. The forces led by Liu Zhenhua and some others were beaten and reorganized by the Nationalist Army and became a part of the later.
There were also some other local factions in Hubei, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu and Anhui besides the important warlords above as well as the forces led by Zhao Ti (赵倜), Mi Zhenbiao (米振标) and Lin Yun’e (靳云鹗) which were the parts of the Henan faction at once. They were reorganized by the NRA one after another in the tangled warfare among the old and new warlords and became the parts of the origin of the NRA at its beginning of foundation.
Last edited: Aug 7, 2015
Go to defend the motherland, the Soviet Union, by arms.
By the Communist Party of China, 1929.
franc001sher, Jun 28, 2015 #4
franc001sher
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(02) The Foundation of the Huangpu Military Academy as well as the Constitution and Development of the NRA
The full name for the Huangpu Military Academy was “the KMT Military Academy” which was founded in Changzhou Island, Huangpu, Guangzhou at first and this was the reason why it was also called as the “Huangpu Military Academy”. This academy was founded by the KMT and CPC during the conflict against the imperialism, feudalism and warlord. Dr. Sun assigned himself as well as Chiang Kai-shek (蒋介石, Jiang Jieshi), Liao Zhongkai (廖仲恺), Qian Dajun (钱大钧) and Dai Chuanxian (戴传贤) as the chairman, the president, the party representative, the chief of staff and the director of the political department (Zhou Enlai as the agent). There were some remarkable communists who took part in the foundation and teaching of the academy in different times including Ye Jianying (叶剑英), Xu Xiangqian (徐向前) and Nie Rongzhen (聂荣臻). The CPC organizations in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Changsha and Jinan actively recruited and recommended many members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth League as well as some outstanding youths to be the students in this academy. There were 80s communists among the 500s graduates in the first grade.
It was the beginning of the NRA when KMT and CPC founded the Huangpu Military Academy. Dr. Sun organized the student troops of the academy into the 1st and 2nd academy regiments in September, 1924. The Army of the Academy and a part of the Guangdong Clique which was led by Xu Chongzhi followed with the Guangdong Revolutionary Government and launched the expedition to Chen Jiongming and his faction which controlled the Dongjiang (东江) area in Guangdong from the beginning of February to the end of March in 1924. Later in April, the Army of the Academy was renamed as “the Army of KMT” when the 3rd regiment was founded and organized the 1st brigade together with the 1st and 2nd regiments. The Supreme Committee of the KMT decided to rename the AES in different regions and “the Army of KMT” as the NRA in June 15 of the same year while the National Government decided to officially rename its troops as the “NRA” in July 26. All of the NRA was reorganized into 5 corps. The Army of KMT was expanded and reorganized into the 1st NRA corps with 3 divisions and 9 regiments. This was one of the earliest corps in NRA.
Chen Jiongming controlled the Dongjiang area again in September, 1925. The NRA launched the second expedition to the Dongjiang area at the beginning of October and completely annihilated Chen’s troops at the beginning of November. The National Government recaptured the Dongjiang area and united the Guangdong province. Until July, 1927, besides the reorganization from the army of the Academy to the 1st NRA corps, the AES troops from Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Fujian, Hubei and Guangxi as well as the Hunan troops led by Tang Shengzhi were also reorganized into the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th corps respectively. The triangular organization was used for the organization inside the corps. The National Government decided to launch the Northern Expedition with those 8 corps as its main forces in order to overthrow the ruling of the Northern Warlords at this time and announced “the Outline of the Organization for the GHQ of the NRA” (国民革命军总司令部组织大纲, Guomin Geming Jun Zong Silingbu ZuZhi Dagang) in July, 7. It regulated in this act that “the National Government assigns a commander in chief of the NRA” as well as “the commander in chief holds the post of the chairmen of the Military Commission together” and clearly pointed out that all of the army, navy and air force which was led by the National Government should be commanded by the commander in chief. The National Government founded the GHQ of the NRA and assigned Chiang Kai-shek as the commander in chief. It undoubtedly created the advantages for Chiang to found his personal military dictatorship in the legality.
The NRA rapidly expanded after the Northern Expedition started. In September, 1926, the main forces of the NRA including the 1st, 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th corps which were commanded by the front commander Tang Shengzhi broke through the defence lines in Hunan and Hubei provinces set by Wu Peifu, a Northern Warlord, and occupied Changsha, Hanyang and Hankou one after another before reaching the foot of Wuchang. At the same time, The Nationalist Army led by Feng Yuxiang took a mass pledge in Wuyuan, Suiyuan Province (绥远省五原) and announced to reorganize itself into the Union of Nationalist Army. Feng decided to take part in the Northern Expedition and support the Shaanxi province by arms at first. This action dispersed Wu’s forces and coordinated with the actions held by NRA in the south. The Northern Expedition forces occupied the city of Wuchang in October 10 and got the victory in the battle of Hunan and Hubei by eliminating most of Wu’s main forces. The reinforcement forces sent by Feng Yuxiang to Shaanxi together with the defenders in Xi’an which were led by Yang Hucheng and Li Yunlong and were the parts of the former Nationalist Army annihilated the Zhili forces led by Liu Zhenhua and Liu Mao’en in November 19. The Northern Expedition of the NRA had reached its goal of the first step.
Yan Xishan, the military governor of Shanxi province, announced by telegram that he renamed his Shanxi troops as “the Northern Revolution Army” and assigned himself as the commander in chief in June, 1927 when the NRA launched the Northern Expedition and got the victories one after another. Some other local factions also joint the NRA under the influence from Feng and Yan as well as their cliques. The forces of the NRA expanded from 8 to 37 corps until August, 1927. The Wuhan National Government organized its NRA into the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th armies and assigned Chiang Kai-shek, Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan and Tang Shengzhi as their commander respectively. There were the 1st to 5th fronts in the 1st Army and commanded by He Yingqin (何应钦), Cheng Qian, Li Zongren, Tang Shengzhi and Zhu Peide (朱培德) respectively; the 1st to 9th fronts in the 2nd Army and led by Sun Liangcheng (孙良诚), Lin Yun’e, Fang Zhenwu (方振武), Song Zheyuan (宋哲元), Yue Weijun (岳维峻), Yu Youren (于右任), Liu Yufen (刘郁芬), Liu Zhenhua and Lu Zhonglin (鹿钟麟) respectively; the 1st to 10th corps as well as the reserve corps in the 3rd Army and led by Shang Zhen (商震), Yang Aiyuan (杨爱源), Xu Yongchang (徐永昌), Fu Cunhuai (傅存怀), Fu Rujun (傅汝钧), Wei Yuxi (韦玉玺), Zhang Yinwu (张荫吾), Tan Qinglin (谭庆林), Zheng Zesheng (郑泽生), Li Weixin (李维新) and Zheng Fu’an (郑福安) respectively; the 1st and 2nd fronts in the 4th Army and commanded by Tang Shengzhi (concurrent) and Zhang Fakui (张发奎) respectively.
Chiang Kai-shek founded the Nanjing National Government in April 18, 1927 and started to confront with the Wuhan National Government led by Wang Jingwei (汪精卫). Wang allied with Tang Shengzhi and publicly opposed with the Nanjing Government in September. The military commission of the Nanjing Government decided to launch the expedition on the west and fight against Tang in October 29 and the War between Nanjing and Wuhan broke out. This war was also called as the War between Li (Zongren) and Tang (Shengzhi) (李唐战争, Li Tang Zhanzheng). Chiang Kai-shek stepped down for the split of the National Government and the counter attacking to the south by the Northern Warlord such as Wu Peifu and Sun Chuanfang. The Nanjing Government controlled Wuhan and occupied Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces in November 15. Tang Shengzhi was forced to step down. The Guangxi Clique founded a new 4th Army which was commanded by Li Zongren. There were 56 corps under the command of the 4 NRA armies at that then.
Chiang Kai-shek was assigned as the commander in chief of the NRA again in the early 1928 after reuniting between the National governments in Nanjing and Wuhan. This reunited the NRA which was once split. The 2nd and 3rd NRA armies led by Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan defeated the Fengtian Clique led by Zhang Zuolin and the union of Zhili and Shandong led by Zhang Zongchang in Zhangde, Henan (河南彰德) and Baoding, Hebei (河北保定) as well as the Beijing and Tianjin area. The NRA entered Beijing in the beginning of June, 1928 and overthrew the ruling of the Northern Warlords. Chiang, Feng, Yan and Li Zongren who were the new warlords discussed and adopted the “Plan for the Military Reorganization” (《军事整理案》, Junshi Zhengli An) in order to limit the development of the military power of each other in July 13. It was decided in this act that the position of the commander in chief of the NRA and the armies as well as the organization of the armies and corps would be abandoned and reorganize the elite troops into 50 to 60 divisions. The organization of the armies and corps were abolished in every troops based on the regulations and requirements of the “Plan for the Military Reorganization”. The NRA troops were reorganized into 150s divisions (including the new, temporary and the cavalry ones) and 30s independent brigades (same with the former). Zhang Xueliang , the former commander in chief of the Manchurian Garrison Army, declared the “Northeast Flag Replacement” in December 29 of this year and attached his Fengtian Clique to the NRA. The Nanjing Government assigned Zhang as the commander in chief of the Manchuria border-guard forces. The Nanjing National Government led by Chiang nominally united China at this moment.
Last edited: Aug 7, 2015
Go to defend the motherland, the Soviet Union, by arms.
By the Communist Party of China, 1929.
franc001sher, Jul 1, 2015 #5
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franc001sher said: ↑
(02) The Foundation of the Huangpu Military Academy as well as the Constitution and Development of the NRA
The full name for the Huangpu Military Academy was “the KMT Military Academy” which was founded in Changzhou Island, Huangpu, Guangzhou at first and this was the reason why it was also called as the “Huangpu Military Academy”. This academy was founded by the KMT and CPC during the conflict against the imperialism, feudalism and warlord. Dr. Sun assigned himself as well as Chiang Kai-shek (蒋介石, Jiang Jieshi), Liao Zhongkai (廖仲恺), Qian Dajun (钱大钧) and Dai Chuanxian (戴传贤) as the chairman, the president, the party representative, the chief of staff and the director of the political department (Zhou Enlai as the agent). There were some remarkable communists who took part in the foundation and teaching of the academy in different times including Ye Jianying (叶剑英), Xu Xiangqian (徐向前) and Nie Rongzhen (聂荣臻). The CPC organizations in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Changsha and Jinan actively recruited and recommended many members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth League as well as some outstanding youths to be the students in this academy. There were 80s communists among the 500s graduates in the first grade.
It was the beginning of the NRA when KMT and CPC founded the Huangpu Military Academy. Dr. Sun organized the student troops of the academy into the 1st and 2nd academy regiments in September, 1924. The Army of the Academy and a part of the Guangdong Clique which was led by Xu Chongzhi followed with the Guangdong Revolutionary Government and launched the expedition to Chen Jiongming and his faction which controlled the Dongjiang (东江) area in Guangdong from the beginning of February to the end of March in 1
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