Liu Xiang
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Liu Xiang (scholar)
Liu Xiang (77–6 BCE[1]), born Liu Gengsheng and bearing the courtesy name Zizheng, was a Chinese politician, historian, and writer of the Western Han Dynasty. Among his polymathic scholarly specialties were history, literary bibliography, and astronomy. He is particularly well known for his bibliographic work in cataloging and editing the extensive imperial library. Life Liu Gengsheng was born in Xuzhou. Being a distant relative of Liu Bang, the founder of the Han dynasty, he was thus a member of the ruling dynastic clan (the Liu family). Liu Xiang's father ranked as a marquess.[2] Liu Xiang's son, Liu Xin, would continue the scholarly tradition of his father and his relative Liu An (the Prince of Huainan). By the beginning of Han Yuandi's reign, Liu Xiang was a member of a group of Confucian officials, including Xiao Wangzhi, who wished to limit the power of the emperor's female family member's relatives' clans, the Shi and the Xu. He ended up on the losing side of a power struggle between the powerful eunuchs Hong Gong and Shi Xian. Briefly imprisoned, Liu Xiang was terminated from official position, and he received no new appointments to office for the next fifteen years.[3] The succession of Emperor Cheng to the imperial throne was accompanied by a realignment of power among the various factions involved in government, and Liu Xiang was able to revive his official prospects. In 26 BCE, at the command of the emperor, Liu Xiang spent much of the rest of the 20-odd years of his life engaged in the massive bibliographic work of organizing the imperial library. This work was assisted by his son, Liu Xin, who finally completed the task after his father's death. Works Liu compiled the first catalogue of the imperial library, the Abstracts (t 別錄, s 别录, Bielu), and is the first known editor of the Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhaijing), which was finished by his son.[4] Liu also edited collections of stories and biographies, including the Strategies of the Warring States (Zhanguoce), the New Prefaces (新序, Xinxu), the Garden of Stories (說苑, Shuoyuan), and the Biographies of Exemplary Women (Lienüzhuan). He has long erroneously been credited with compiling the Biographies of the Immortals (Liexian Zhuan), a collection of Taoist hagiographies and hymns.[5] Liu Xiang was also a poet. He is credited with the "Nine Laments" ("Jiu Tan") that appears in the Songs of Chu.[6] See also • Confucian classics • Guodian Chu Slips • Liu An • Science and technology of the Han Dynasty • Sima Tan • Sima Qian Notes 1. Loewe (1986), 192. 2. Hawkes, 330 3. Hawkes, 281 4. E.L. Shaughnessy, Rewriting Early Chinese Texts, pp. 2-3. 5. Theobald, Ulrich (24 July 2010), "Liexianzhuan", China Knowledge, Tübingen. 6. Hawkes, 280 References • Fei, Zhengang, "Liu Xiang". Encyclopedia of China (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed. • Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2 • Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 103–222. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0. External links Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Garden of Stories • Works by Xiang Liu at Project Gutenberg
Chinese Literature Lienüzhuan 列女傳
Lienüzhuan 列女傳 "Biographies of outstanding women" is a collection of biographies of eminent women compiled by the Former Han period 前漢 (206 BCE-8 CE) scholar Liu Xiang 劉向. It is traditionally classified as a Confucian treatise because the women are categorized according to moral values. From the Tang period 唐 (618-907) on it was classified as a collection of biographies. At that time it was 15 juan "scrolls" long and included illustrations and a short laudatory poem (song 頌) for each person. There were also pictures in ancient versions attributed to the Jin period painter Gu Kaizhi 顧愷之. During the Song period 宋 (960-1279) the original text was already lost. The received text is an arrangement by Su Song 蘇頌 who assembled the poems into one chapter. The scholar Wang Hui 王回 further separated the biographies with poem from that without poem. In each of the the first seven chapters of the Lienüzhuan the biographies of 15 women are included, altogether 105 biographies. Chapter 8 were the poems, with an appendix of the illustrations. Sixteen biographies were added by later scholars and describe the lives of women living during the Former Han period. The old version only included women from the age of the mythological emperors down to the Spring and Autumn period 春秋 (770-5th cent. BCE). The supplement is known as the Xu Lienüzhuan 續列女傳, while the first seven chapters are called the Gu Lienüzhuan 古列女傳. The author of the Xu Lienüzhuan is not known, but there are attributions to Ban Zhao 班昭, sister of the historian Ban Gu 班固, or to Xiang Yuan 項原. In most editions the Xu lienüzhuan is dealt as an appendix of the (Gu) Lienüzhuan. The earliest commentaries were written by Cao Dajia 曹大家, Zuanmu Sui 綦母邃 and Yu Zhenjie 虞貞節 that are only preserved in fragments. There is a commented version called Lienüzhuan buzhu 列女傳補注 published by the Qing period 清 (1644-1911) scholars Wang Zhaohuan 王照圜 and Liang Duan 梁端 that is included in the collectanea Haoshi yishu 郝氏遺書. The best print dates from 1812. The Lienüzhuan is included in the collectanea Sibu congkan 四部叢刊 and Siku quanshu 四庫全書. There is a modern commented edition called Lienüzhuan zhu 列女傳注 by Chen Hanzhang 陳漢章 from the 1920s. There is a separate book called Xu lienüzhuan that was compiled by the Ming period scholar Shao Zhengkui 邵正魁. This 9 juan long book is a supplement to Liu Xiang's Lienüzhuan and imitates the structure of the Han period book. It includes biographies of eminent women through Chinese history, some of them identical to that in the old Lienüzhuan. Contents 1. 母儀傳 Muyi Maternal and polite 2. 賢明傳 Xianming Enlightened and intelligent 3. 仁智傳 Renzhi Unselfish and virtuous 4. 貞順傳 Zhenshun Compliant and chaste 5. 節義傳 Jieyi Moderate and righteous 6. 辯通傳 Biantong Convincing and perceptive 7. 孽嬖傳 Niebi Evil and parasitic Sources: Liao Zhong'an 廖仲安, Liu Guoying 劉國盈 (ed. 1989), Zhongguo gudian wenxue cidian 中國古典文學辭典 (Beijing: Beijing chubanshe), p. 459. ● Li Xueqin 李學勤, Lü Wenyu 呂文鬰 (ed 1996), Siku da cidian 四庫大辭典 (Changchun: Jilin daxue chubanshe), Vol. 1, pp. 997, 1000, 1033. Exemplary Women of Early China: The Lienü zhuan of Liu Xiang von Anne Behnke Kinney July 18, 2010 © Ulrich Theobald · Mail
Liu Xiang (scholar)
Liu Xiang (77–6 BCE[1]), born Liu Gengsheng and bearing the courtesy name Zizheng, was a Chinese politician, historian, and writer of the Western Han Dynasty. Among his polymathic scholarly specialties were history, literary bibliography, and astronomy. He is particularly well known for his bibliographic work in cataloging and editing the extensive imperial library. Life Liu Gengsheng was born in Xuzhou. Being a distant relative of Liu Bang, the founder of the Han dynasty, he was thus a member of the ruling dynastic clan (the Liu family). Liu Xiang's father ranked as a marquess.[2] Liu Xiang's son, Liu Xin, would continue the scholarly tradition of his father and his relative Liu An (the Prince of Huainan). By the beginning of Han Yuandi's reign, Liu Xiang was a member of a group of Confucian officials, including Xiao Wangzhi, who wished to limit the power of the emperor's female family member's relatives' clans, the Shi and the Xu. He ended up on the losing side of a power struggle between the powerful eunuchs Hong Gong and Shi Xian. Briefly imprisoned, Liu Xiang was terminated from official position, and he received no new appointments to office for the next fifteen years.[3] The succession of Emperor Cheng to the imperial throne was accompanied by a realignment of power among the various factions involved in government, and Liu Xiang was able to revive his official prospects. In 26 BCE, at the command of the emperor, Liu Xiang spent much of the rest of the 20-odd years of his life engaged in the massive bibliographic work of organizing the imperial library. This work was assisted by his son, Liu Xin, who finally completed the task after his father's death. Works Liu compiled the first catalogue of the imperial library, the Abstracts (t 別錄, s 别录, Bielu), and is the first known editor of the Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhaijing), which was finished by his son.[4] Liu also edited collections of stories and biographies, including the Strategies of the Warring States (Zhanguoce), the New Prefaces (新序, Xinxu), the Garden of Stories (說苑, Shuoyuan), and the Biographies of Exemplary Women (Lienüzhuan). He has long erroneously been credited with compiling the Biographies of the Immortals (Liexian Zhuan), a collection of Taoist hagiographies and hymns.[5] Liu Xiang was also a poet. He is credited with the "Nine Laments" ("Jiu Tan") that appears in the Songs of Chu.[6] See also • Confucian classics • Guodian Chu Slips • Liu An • Science and technology of the Han Dynasty • Sima Tan • Sima Qian Notes 1. Loewe (1986), 192. 2. Hawkes, 330 3. Hawkes, 281 4. E.L. Shaughnessy, Rewriting Early Chinese Texts, pp. 2-3. 5. Theobald, Ulrich (24 July 2010), "Liexianzhuan", China Knowledge, Tübingen. 6. Hawkes, 280 References • Fei, Zhengang, "Liu Xiang". Encyclopedia of China (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed. • Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2 • Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 103–222. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0. External links Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Garden of Stories • Works by Xiang Liu at Project Gutenberg
Knowledge Graph
Examples
1 In 26 BCE, at the command of the emperor, Liu Xiang spent much of the rest of the 20-odd years of his life engaged in the massive bibliographic work of organizing the imperial library.
2 The writer in this chapter conducts the classified research to its appraisal way, and analyzes Liu Xiang's some ideas from it.
3 The writer in this chapter conducts the classified research to its appraisal way, and analyzes Liu Xiang's some ideas from it.
4 In 26 BCE, at the command of the emperor, Liu Xiang spent much of the rest of the 20-odd years of his life engaged in the massive bibliographic work of organizing the imperial library.
5 In 26 BCE, at the command of the emperor, Liu Xiang spent much of the rest of the 20-odd years of his life engaged in the massive bibliographic work of organizing the imperial library.
6 The writer in this chapter conducts the classified research to its appraisal way, and analyzes Liu Xiang's some ideas from it.
7 Liu Xiang is particularly well known for his bibliographic work in cataloging and editing the extensive imperial library.
8 In 26 BCE, at the command of the emperor, Liu Xiang spent much of the rest of the 20-odd years of his life engaged in the massive bibliographic work of organizing the imperial library.
9 Liu Xiang is particularly well known for his bibliographic work in cataloging and editing the extensive imperial library.
10 Liu Xiang is particularly well known for his bibliographic work in cataloging and editing the extensive imperial library.
11 Liu Xiang is particularly well known for his bibliographic work in cataloging and editing the extensive imperial library.
12 Liu Xiang is particularly well known for his bibliographic work in cataloging and editing the extensive imperial library.
13 In 26 BCE, at the command of the emperor, Liu Xiang spent much of the rest of the 20-odd years of his life engaged in the massive bibliographic work of organizing the imperial library.
14 The writer in this chapter conducts the classified research to its appraisal way, and analyzes Liu Xiang's some ideas from it.
15 The writer in this chapter conducts the classified research to its appraisal way, and analyzes Liu Xiang's some ideas from it.