Pinpoint Diplomacy
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Diplomatic touch
As the EU and China prepare to celebrate 40 years of ties, the two are drawing more closer A more confident and assertive China has been laying the foundations for a fresh approach to diplomacy over the past year, and Europe has been central to that. The continent appeared most frequently on Chinese leaders' overseas travel itineraries last year. In March, President Xi Jinping paid a historic visit to the Netherlands, France, Germany and Belgium to forge what he called a "partnership of civilizations" with the European Union that centers on peace, growth and change. A visit by Premier Li Keqiang to Kazakhstan, Serbia and Thailand last month drew to a close a year that Foreign Minister Wang Yi says was one of "harvesting for Chinese diplomacy". The main elements in the fresh approach China is taking to its diplomacy are stabilizing its neighborhood, promoting global economic growth and forging a network of partners, analysts say. Duncan Freeman, research fellow at the Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies, hails Xi's visit to Brussels as a major event in EU-China ties. It defused some of the issues over which the two had been at loggerheads and pointed the way to a more positive relationship, he says. "Beijing increasingly asserts the importance of the relationship it has with the EU. In China's multipolar worldview the EU is, or at least should be, a pole in the global order. China is not just an economic giant but also an important global actor that the EU cannot ignore." Li visited Europe three times last year, advancing collaboration with major EU members such as Germany. The annual meeting with Central and Eastern European leaders also opened new channels to introduce China-made products, high-speed rail equipment and technology in particular, to the continent. "The EU and China are searching for better markets to each other, along with better knowledge of partnerships and intellectual collaboration," says Kerry Brown, associate fellow at Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, a think tank in London. "It is an era of diversification of China's diplomatic partnerships, as well as big new narratives within which to frame Chinese foreign affairs - the 'new Silk Road' with Russia, Eastern Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, and 'civilizational partnerships' with the EU." But as important as Europe is to China, its efforts to forge a new type of diplomacy stretch much more broadly. Last year, Xi and Li conducted 12 overseas visits to 30 countries. China has built special partnerships with 67 countries and five regional organizations, illustrating the "major-country style" in a non-aligned but partner-up approach. Over the past year Chinese leaders advocated new economic and security concepts at multilateral conferences such as the Nuclear Security Summit in the Netherlands, the sixth BRICS Summit in Brazil and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit in Tajikistan. At the Central Conference on Work Relating to Foreign Affairs in Beijing in November, Xi highlighted China's pursuit of a "major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics" based on continuity and consistency with the country's foreign policy. Observers say the remarks signaled a shift from China's traditional approach of keeping a low profile to striving for accomplishments, in keeping with its status as an economic giant. In 2013, Xi enunciated in a work conference China's neighborhood diplomacy featuring the principles of amity, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness that analysts say set the tone for the country's diplomatic priorities in coming years. When Xi was in Brussels last year, China and the EU reaffirmed their determination to sign an investment treaty and eventually a China-EU free trade agreement. The latter, proposed in a Strategic Agenda for Cooperation announced in 2013, aims to expand trade by $1 trillion a year by 2020. Analysts say Europe, an increasingly popular destination for Chinese capital, is now in dire need of infrastructure investment to further invigorate recovery, evidenced by the economic stimulus plan totaling 315 billion euros of the recently installed European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker. "China and the EU now look forward to building a 2.0 version of bilateral relations and expanding collaboration in areas such as finance and urbanization," says Feng Zhongping, vice-president of the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations. "Among the aims of a China-EU free trade agreement would be to counterbalance other regional trading blocs such as the US-led Trans-Pacific Partnership." Observers say China's relationship with Germany in particular, considering its open, inclusive and pioneering nature, ought to be an exemplar for other EU members. Last year there was an unusually high number of high-level visits by top leaders from both sides. Before Li visited for the third intergovernmental consultation in October, German Chancellor Angela Merkel paid her seventh visit to China, in July. In March, Xi visited Germany. "Innovation drives collaboration between Europe's economic locomotive and Asia's largest economy that goes beyond simple trade and investment," Feng says. "Through innovative collaboration Germany will be able to effectively tap China's huge market. At the same time, China can learn from Germany on how to upgrade its economy." In December, the EU completed its leadership transition when the former Polish prime minister Donald Tusk assumed presidency of the European Council, and China and the EU will celebrate the 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations this year. "Officials and stakeholders will seek to make progress on political, economic, cultural and other fronts," says David Fouquet, president of the European Institute of Asian Studies in Brussels. "EU-China relations are fundamentally sound and heading in a positive direction." Last year, several observers hailed visits by Xi to Russia, South Korea and Mongolia as "pinpoint diplomacy". Observers say this approach will be effective for China as it strengthens its ties with other countries. Gao Fei, a professor of diplomacy studies at China Foreign Affairs University, says the issues China chooses to focus on are often critical enough to have an impact on specific regions. "For example, the Chinese leader showed up, in the face of the Western boycott of Russia (over the issue of Ukraine) in Sochi to show strong support for the Winter Olympics Russia was hosting. His visit to Seoul also exerted strong strategic and security influence on Tokyo and Pyongyang." During his visit to the Mongolian capital, Ulan Bator, Xi invited countries in the region to "take a ride" on China's development express, and he pointed to opportunities for common growth. "The pinpoint approach aims to dispel neighboring countries' suspicion about China's rise by promoting collaboration and addressing common concerns," Gao says. "China is sending a message to neighbors that for them the most natural path to economic prosperity, security and development runs through Beijing rather than Washington." In the first half of last year the dispute between Beijing and Tokyo in the East China Sea continued to simmer following Japan's accelerated military buildup around the illegally nationalized Diaoyu Islands and China's enforcement of its air defense identification zone. Territorial disputes and development projects in overlapping exclusive economic zones erupted in the South China Sea between China's maritime patrol forces and their counterparts in Vietnam and the Philippines in the middle of the year. News reports of the dispute gave rise to deadly anti-China protests in Vietnamese cities. An article in The Economist last month said China is not a pushover when its interests are threatened, even if it has pledged to deal with such issues peacefully. "Peace and development remain the underlying trend of our times," it quoted Xi as telling the Foreign Affairs meeting in Beijing in November. Zhu Feng, deputy director of the Center for International and Strategic Studies at Peking University, says that despite clashes, China has effectively controlled security and safeguarded its core interests. "The way that China tries to resolve disputes through peaceful dialogue yet never flinches from defending sovereign rights when it is deemed necessary avoided the escalation of crises in the South and East China Seas (last year)." At the beginning of the year, Foreign Minister Wang Yi suggested that China's successfully hosting two major multilateral events would be centerpieces of its diplomatic missions for the year. "As host, we will make full use of home-ground advantage by promoting Chinese propositions and garnering Asian wisdom to give new impetus to these mechanisms." In May, the fourth summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia convened in Shanghai, and China proposed a new concept of Asian security, calling for "Asians to be responsible for Asian affairs". Wu Xinbo, executive dean of the Institute of International Studies at Fudan University in Shanghai, said the new security concept, which focuses on building regional collaboration and sustainability, is likely to move away from traditional zero-sum confrontation and lead Asian countries to pursue a "shared destiny". "To make it practical, China should transform forums such as the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia into a regular security mechanism that clears up suspicions and addresses sub-regional challenges." Throughout the year, China also hosted a series of meetings for the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, which culminated in Beijing in November with leaders of the 21 member economies agreeing to launch the process toward an Asia-Pacific free trade area as well as plans for better connections between member countries. During the APEC meeting, apart from the multilateral arrangements aimed at reinvigorating regional economic collaboration, Beijing used its home-ground advantage to advance relationships with its neighbors and with world powers. In Beijing, Xi and his US counterpart Barack Obama signed agreements on visas and climate change. China and Russia increased their collaboration on energy by opening a west route for supplying Russian natural gas to China. Even relations between Beijing and governments with whom relations have been frosty, to say the least, such as Manila and Tokyo, showed signs of thawing through leaders' meetings and pledges to work together. "In Chinese diplomatic history it has been rare for the country to use home-ground events effectively to promote its propositions," says Jia Xiudong, a research fellow with the China Institute of International Studies. "Discussion at home over initiatives such as the Silk Road and the Asia-Pacific free trade agreement, which will be two major pillars for China's global strategy over coming years, will reap maximum consensus from our partners." In addition to the two big-name diplomatic events in China last year, the Boao Forum for Asia in Hainan province attracted politicians, businesspeople and scholars from more than 50 countries. More than 1,800 Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs attended the Summer Davos Forum in Tianjin. Together, they further illustrated and supplemented China's keen interest in setting the agenda regarding global peace and development. "Through deeper engagement within such multilateral mechanisms, China has become more confident in presenting itself as a leader and a rule setter in global affairs," Jia says. Last year, as China's economy continued to steer into a new normal featuring innovation and quality growth, its economic diplomacy became groundbreaking and transformative, observers says. The fledging mega plan to revitalize the ancient Silk Road routes, first proposed in 2013, advanced substantially, and there was a positive response from more than 50 countries along the route, following China's worldwide campaign. In October, Beijing and 20 other governments announced the establishment of an Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, with expected initial subscribed capital of $50 billion. One month later, a $40 billion Silk Road fund aimed at the construction of infrastructure linking Asian markets was announced. Fouquet, of the European Institute of Asian Studies in Brussels, says that at the moment China seems to be the only major power with the wherewithal to undertake the land and maritime Silk Road proposals. "It has the potential to transform economic, social and perhaps political relations between the numerous states on the Euro-Asian continent and across the oceans and seas from Asia to the Mediterranean," he says. Jin Canrong, deputy dean at the School of International Studies at Renmin University of China, says a huge shortfall of funds for infrastructure development in Asia calls for a cash infusion from new regional financial institutions. The continent needs $730 billion a year for infrastructure development before 2020, the Asian Investment Bank says. Apart from a big capital injection to strengthen the institutional foundation of the land and maritime Silk Roads, China is also seeking to strengthen its connections with the rest of the world through high-speed rail. An agreement in November to build a 1,402-km coastal railway in Nigeria is China's single largest overseas project. Construction of the Mombasa-Nairobi railway in Kenya and the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway in East Africa continues. Last month China and Thailand cemented a long-awaited railway deal under which China will design and build a 734-km high-speed line connecting Bangkok and Nong Khai province. These projects are just a few of China's many exports of its high-speed rail to the rest of the world. China is now deeply involved in railway projects in more than 15 countries. Su Hao, a professor of Asia-Pacific studies at China Foreign Affairs University, says cheap Chinese high-speed rail has become a new image card for "made-in-China". "Through collaboration on high-speed rail, China has improved its connections with other countries, especially developing ones, that are in dire need of improving infrastructure." In July, in another effort to further ties with developing countries, China, with its fellow BRICS members Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa pushed on with a new development bank with initial authorized capital of $100 billion, as well as a $100-billion contingent reserve arrangement. The bank's headquarters will be in Shanghai. Jin at the School of International Studies at Renmin University of China says the bank will lay a financial foundation for economic growth and collaboration among emerging powers. "China has been at the forefront during the years of hard work to bring the bank to fruition, and it will give China a bigger voice in the global financial system and help China safeguard its interests." In Africa over the past year, China and its partners have been keen to pursue goals for their relationships that President Xi Jinping set out in 2013. They see China and Africa as sharing a common destiny, and the focus is now on improving bilateral relations, observers say. "There are very close economic links and a huge amount of collaboration between the two, but a lot of the progress has been built on the back of growth that has been frenetic and disordered," says Liu Guijin, China's former special representative on African affairs. "The negative aspects of this will be accentuated as Chinese private enterprises flock to the continent. The traditional approach of low-end trading of raw materials and industrial products needs to yield to a green and sustainable model, and that means the quality of collaboration must be improved." China has been Africa's largest trading partner since 2009, with bilateral trade during the first 10 months last year surpassing $180 billion, a 4.5 percent increase compared with the corresponding period in 2013. Li visited Ethiopia, Nigeria, Angola and Kenya in May and, in a speech at African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa, proposed a "4-6-1" framework for transforming collaboration. Efforts will be directed toward six primary areas: industry, finance, poverty reduction, ecological protection, people-to-people exchanges and peace and security based on principles of equality, trust, inclusiveness and innovation. Both sides will also want to turn the Forum on China Africa Cooperation into a higher-level mechanism to make the most of its possibilities. Analysts say collaboration in finance and industry will be the highlight of the framework, as China aims to help boost Africa's manufacturing by improving the continent's infrastructure. However, the China-Africa relationship goes far beyond economics. The two sides worked closely together on areas such as security and the Ebola crisis last year. Liu Jia in Brussels contributed to this story. puzhendong@chinadaily.com.cn
Chinese paper brands Xi's single-country visits 'pinpoint' diplomacy
BEIJING, Aug. 27 (Yonhap) -- Chinese President Xi Jinping has shown a new style of diplomatic jawboning to Asian neighbors by making two separate single-country visits to South Korea and Mongolia in the past two months, a state-run Chinese newspaper said Wednesday, describing such visits as "pinpoint-style" diplomacy. Xi paid a two-day state visit to South Korea in early July, breaking a long-standing tradition by Chinese heads of state of visiting North Korea before Seoul. Xi also visited Mongolia for two days last week, becoming the first Chinese president to visit the country in more than a decade. The Chinese Communist Party's mouthpiece newspaper, the People's Daily, said the single-country visits by Xi were aimed at allowing leaders to lay the ground for "very pragmatic" results during their bilateral summits. Qu Xing, president of the China Institute of International Studies, told the Chinese newspaper that, "The pinpoint-style diplomacy is highly-effective diplomacy." Leaders "can discuss issues of mutual concern in an in-depth manner and the results are often very pragmatic." Qu characterized the new regional diplomacy by Xi as "fast, efficient and flexible," saying Xi would make more such visits.
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2015年，中国“点穴式”周边外交下“先手棋”
2015年，中国同周边国家和地区的关系抓住了一些重大的机遇，抑制了对中国的某些挑战。稳定了睦邻、安邻、强邻、富邻的周边关系，强化了上合组织、为推动“一带一路”奠定了好的基础，并取得了可喜的成就。 活跃的周边外交 习近平主席从4月首访巴基斯坦，到12月初结束主持中非合作论坛峰会共出访8次，行程长达42天，足迹遍布亚、欧、非、美四大洲14个国家，既完成了对世界部分大国、周边国家的访问，又在多边国际会议中发挥了重要作用。 4月20日，习近平主席对巴基斯坦进行为期两天的国事访问，双方就中巴高铁和输油管线、互联互通、瓜达尔港和巴沿海经济区开发进行了广泛合作并取得巨大成果。22日，习近平出席亚非领导人会议及万隆会议60周年纪念活动，为发扬了万隆精神，中国在印尼开展高铁建设奠定了基础，随后印尼经多方权衡确定与中国共同进行海上丝绸之路建设。 5月7日习近平主席访问哈萨克斯坦。中哈双方在“丝路经济带”和“光明大道”发展规划的框架下，合作 “更深、更广、更高质”形成了全方位战略合作。两国一次性签署了总价值236亿美元的合作清单，涉及钢铁、有色金属、平板玻璃、炼油、水电、汽车等。中哈双方对接项目，技术一流、质量过硬、市场广阔，为走向欧亚市场和“丝路经济带”建设打下坚实基础。尔后赴俄罗斯出席纪念卫国战争胜利70周年庆典，并对白俄罗斯进行国事访问。中俄双方共同庆祝反法西斯战争70周年，是对复活军国主义的严正警告，是维护世界和平的共同宣誓，是中俄战略协作的实质性行动。 7月8日，习近平再次赴俄罗斯，出席在乌法举办的金砖国家领导人会晤和上合组织峰会。3天里，习近平主席出席了两大峰会共25场活动，同7位国家元首和政府首脑举行会晤，发表多场重要讲话，同各方签署和发表联合声明、公报、宣言及各领域合作协议23个，向世界发出中国的声音。峰会期间中国与中亚各国提升了全面了战略合作伙伴关系；金砖国家就新开发银行召开理事会会议；上合组织制定2025年发展战略；印、巴加入了上合组织。上合组织有了新的空间，并与丝绸之路经济带建设、欧亚经济联盟建设互相推动、互相融合。 11月5至7日， 在中越建交65周年，中新建交25周年，特殊的时间节点上，习近平主席赴越南及新加坡进行国事访问，开创了中越新友谊战略新局面。中越双方认为两国关系超越了一般意义上的双边关系，具有十分重要的战略意义。中越应平等互惠、携手打造命运共同体，为开创全面战略合作伙伴关系打开了新局面。虽然双方有南海领土争端，但双方同意恪守南海各方行为宣言，并早日建成南海各方行为准则。中越要做互信互助的好同志、合作共赢的好伙伴、相亲相望的好邻居。这对打破美日在南海问题上干扰破坏起到了至关重要的作用，双方重申了绝不使用武力解决南海问题的宣言。习近平主席访问新加坡恰逢新接棒中国－东盟关系协调国，中方愿同包括新方在内的东盟国家一道，落实好各项合作倡议，聚焦发展合作，推动中国与东盟关系不断向前迈进。新加坡愿为增进东盟同中国在相互信任、互利合作上加强双方关系作出努力。新方认为中国提出的“一带一路”和亚投行倡议十分重要，相信本地区国家将从中受益。 11月习近平主席赴土耳其参加G20、到菲律宾参加APEC、出席法国巴黎气候变化巴黎大会。12月对津巴布韦和南非进行国事访问，并在南非主持中非合作论坛峰会。面对全球经济治理发出中国声音，促进了中非战略合作，塑造了良好的周边战略环境。 携手命运共同体建设 1月份，中国组织召开了与拉美和加勒比国家共同体论坛首届部长级会议。“拉共体”33国中有30国领导人来华赴会。会议以“新平台、新起点、新机遇——共同努力推进中拉全面合作伙伴关系” 为主题，强调中国和拉美是世界上两个最重要的发展中经济体，应携手步入整体合作的新时代，牢牢抓住中拉整体合作新机遇，共同谱写中拉全面合作伙伴关系新篇章。中国的“主场外交”，再次让中拉关系成为世界焦点。会议通过《中拉论坛首届部长级会议北京宣言》、《中国与拉美和加勒比国家合作规划（2015-2019）》、《中拉论坛机制设置和运行规则》３个成果文件。《北京宣言》集中反映了双方对推进中拉全面合作伙伴关系的政治共识，确定整体合作和论坛建设的总体方向，明确双方深化合作的指导原则；《合作规划》确定了今后5年中拉开展整体合作的重点领域和具体措施，涵盖政治与安全、贸易投资金融、基础设施建设、能源资源、工业、农业、科技人文等。中国提出的倡议和构想正在变成现实。200亿美元的中拉基础设施专项贷款、100亿美元的优惠性质贷款和50亿美元的中拉合作基金开始实质性运行，5000万美元的中拉农业合作专项资金开始向双方合作项目提供资金支持；中国已经着手落实５年内向拉共体成员提供6000个奖学金名额和6000个来华培训名额事宜，以及邀请1000名拉美政党领导人访华计划和“未来之桥”中拉青年领导人千人培训计划。拉美一些国家正在大力发展基础设施建设。无论是连接巴西和秘鲁的两洋铁路，还是拉美大陆随处可见的路桥、码头、机场建设项目，都为中国企业提供了机遇，拉美丰富的油气、矿产资源也吸引中国企业前来投资。中方提出，争取在10年内，实现中拉贸易规模达到5000亿美元，中国对拉美直接投资存量达到2500亿美元。 3月28日，在海南省博鳌召开的博鳌亚洲论坛年会16位国家领导人，超过80位部长级官员，65家世界500强董事长参加了博鳌论坛，会议强调亚洲要迈向命运共同体、开创亚洲新未来，必须在世界前进的步伐中前进、在世界发展的潮流中发展，要通过迈向亚洲命运共同体，推动建设人类命运共同体。国际秩序因为中国正发生颠覆性重组，中国倡议的亚投行建设在美国的明确抵制下还能获得英国、德国、韩国、澳大利亚等国家的支持，这些美国“小弟”铁了心要跟着中国一起谋发展。 5月14日，习近平主席在西安会见印度总理莫迪，续写了“家乡外交”模式。两国最高领导敝开胸怀拥抱两国关系的未来，两个发展中大国有许多共同语言和构建世界新格局的诉愿，虽然两国关系中还存在一些边界领土问题，但共同利益大于相互间的分歧，中国 欢迎印度东进，参与中南半岛大睸公河计划，双方同意共同推进“一带一路建设”，印度积极参与亚投行建设，双方边界谈判稳中有进，尽管印度对我藏区铁路、公路、机场建设心存疑虑，并不断强化印方军力部署很大程度是作给国内看的，军方需要批准更大的军费预案。在藏独问题上印度强调支持维护祖国统一反对分裂，对流亡势力加以一定限制。当然印度也在利用南海问题争取自己的利益，同时也在与我谈印度国内高铁建设问题。印度与美、日合作是不离不弃，进展有限。 6月《亚洲基础设施投资银行协定》签署，迈出具有历史意义的步伐。今年亚洲基础设施投资银行将正式发出第一笔贷款，共同将“亚投行”打造成专业、高效、廉洁的新型多边开发银行，共同为促进亚洲和世界经济繁荣作出贡献。 9月初，韩国总统朴槿惠打破美国的阻挠与俄罗斯总统普京、哈萨克斯坦总统纳扎尔巴耶夫、联合国秘书长潘基文等30位国家元首、49个国家政府首脑，19位政府高级别代表，出席了中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年活动举行。中韩合作取得重大进展，打破了美日韩联盟和对我国的战略遏制，对推动朝鲜半岛无核发挥了一定作用。 10月我国组织召开了减贫与发展高层论坛。向世界介绍中国特色的减贫道路和中国为全球减贫事业作出的重大贡献，并做出未来五年中国7000多万人口全部脱贫的郑重承诺。习近平会见了荷兰国王威廉-亚历山大、德国总理默克尔、法国总统奥朗德，发表了《中法元首气候变化联合声明》。三位欧洲国家领导人强调要做大做实中欧全面合作伙伴关系。中东欧国家领导人围绕“读懂中国”出席了第四次中国—中东欧国家领导人会议，促进了相互了解并形成共识使“一带一”计划与欧盟2025计划对接，高铁建设、银行建设、高技术合作都有了新的提升。 12月召开了第二届世界互联网大会，来自五大洲的120多个国家和地区的政府代表、国际组织负责人、互联网企业领军人物、著名企业家、专家学者、大学生代表等2000多名嘉宾齐聚乌镇。围绕互联网经济、互联网建设、网络安全进行充分讨论，把人文、自然、绿色与现代科技有机结合，充分探索了人类的未来发展方向。 “点穴式”外交下“先手棋” 从最高领导人对韩国和蒙古的点穴式外交，到“一带一路”、亚投行作为关键的两步棋，将各国集结到中国的大战略中，打破美国“重返亚洲”战略遏制。使国际政治、经济秩序再次进入颠覆性重组阶段。 中国经济跨越日本成为世界第二大经济体，使日本既感到嫉妒又很无奈；美国认为中国的快速发展正在挑战美国在亚太地区的地位。中国多极化理论挑战美国的单极世界理论，经济命运共同体理论正挑战美国主导世界经济理论，金融上亚投行股权分配新理念正挑战美国一家独霸的理论，贸易上中国代表的声音正挑战美国的定价权，军事上中国已形成了200海里控制权美国三岛链控制正被突破，中国海军走出太平洋已进入印度洋。美国决心利用强大的军力重返亚太，用美日韩、美日澳、美菲共同防御条约在东海、南海制造事端遏制中国，甚至不惜亲自出马派巡逻机和宙斯盾舰闯南海挑战我国底线，用向台出售武器牵制我国。为打破面临的遏制我国采取了点穴式外交破解了美日韩军事联盟和日美澳军事联盟。 2014年习近平专访韩国，被媒体称为发“邻居加入战略互信之旅” 让中韩关系站在了新起点上，朋友迅速走近，内涵日益充实、互信不断深化，战略合作更加全面。不仅使两国最高领导人交往机制化，各层面、各领域的对话和合作机制与“顶层设计”密切对接。从完成自贸谈判到建立人民币清算安排，从产业、环境、地方经贸合作到超大型节能环保型船舶融资协议等，访问成果内容之具体，领域之广泛，丰富了中韩战略合作伙伴关系的内涵。去年底中韩自由贸易正式启动，贸易清算安排正式实施。 2014年底习主席访问了澳大利亚，强调“国虽大、好战必亡”，明确中国坚持和平发展，决心不会动摇，中国坚持共同发展，理念不会动摇，中国坚持促进亚太合作发展，政策不会动摇。中国将坚持与邻为善、以邻为伴，践行亲诚惠容的理念，倡导共同、综合、合作、可持续的亚洲安全观。中国将同各国一道，推动区域全面经济伙伴关系协定谈判如期完成，加快推进丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路建设，共同维护海上航行自由和通道安全，构建和平安宁、合作共赢的海洋秩序。澳中合作越来越深，关系越来越好。两国签署自贸协定生效，是双边关系发展的重要一步，为两国带来实在的利益。特恩布尔表示，愿与中方共同努力，进一步增进相互理解，加强政治、经济、人文、防务、城镇化建设、司法执法等各领域合作，将澳中关系推向新的高度，切实造福两国和两国人民。并驳斥奥巴马说：澳大利亚将达尔文港租借给中国99年无碍美军。 蒙古是一个内陆国家在摆脱了原苏联的控制后加强了与美国日本加强了合作，并寻求加入APE,2014年中国军队参加 “可汗探索”系列演习，打破了美国在中俄之间高调的军事炫耀。习近平主席对蒙古进行了专程访问，去年中俄蒙三国元首会晤，将中方丝绸之路经济带倡议、蒙方“草原之路”倡议、俄方跨欧亚运输大通道倡议进行对接，批准了《中俄蒙发展三方合作中期路线图》，签署了《关于编制建设中俄蒙经济走廊规划纲要的谅解备忘录》，中蒙双方决定共同修建两山高铁，为蒙方出海口、过境运输等方面提供支持和便利。蒙古总统额勒贝格道尔吉对中国进行国事访问，出席中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年纪念活动；双方发表《中华人民共和国和蒙古国关于深化发展全面战略伙伴关系的联合声明》。 中老铁路开工、中泰、中国与印尼高铁达成协议，马来西决定允许中国人民解放军海军船只使用马来西亚沙巴州的哥打基纳巴卢港作为“中途停留的地点，使中国与东盟的合作更加紧密。哈萨克斯坦、斯里兰卡、马尔代夫等国家，积极参加“一带一路”建设，广泛推动同周边友好国家的往来与外交战略沿伸。但由于美国的遏制政策和我周边海洋领土争端，仍存在着日、菲、越等国在领土问题上对中国的挑战，我周边恐怖威胁。 2015年我国与周边国家紧密合作，抓住了大国互动的机遇，全面展开，重点突出，战略特征明显，与世界上绝大多数国家的关系得到了新的巩固，新的开发，新的拓展，弱化了其中的某些矛盾，深刻打上了中国的烙印，进取得了积极显著的成果。