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Yang Zhaolong
Yang Zhaolong(1904-1979), whose courtesy name was Yilong, was a doctor of law who specialized in Continental and Anglo-American legal systems. He drafted the National Mobilization Law, War Crimes Trial Regulations and other laws, and was elected the president of the China Association of Comparative Law, president of the Criminal Law Society, vice president of the International Criminal Law Society among others. Also, he was once selected by the Hague Academy of International Law as one of the world’s 50 most eminent Jurists.
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Welcome to Fudan University Law School! As a classic discipline of social sciences with a profound history and lasting vigor, law is the learning of rules and rights, of administration and fairness, and more importantly, of governance and justice. In A.D. 1088, the birth of the world’s first law school in Bologna heralded a new era when few institution could be named a “university” without the subject of law or law school. Fudan Law School’s history of over 80 years has witnessed a large number of her people, law scholars and practitioners, assuming responsibilities to struggle for morality and justice, such as ZHANG Zhirang, the lawyer who defended the patriotic “Seven Gentlemen”; WANG Chonghui, the scholar-official who participated in drafting the UN Charter; MEI Ruao, the only Chinese judge in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East; and YANG Zhaolong, one of the fifty outstanding Jurists around the world selected by the International Court of Justice in Hague. Since the reestablishment of her legal education in the 1980s, Fudan Law School has been characteristic in training students to be “skillful in law, fluent in English, and knowledgeable in economy.” As a part of the academic ecological environment of Fudan University, the Law School has constantly recruited outstanding legal scholars. There are not only practice-oriented mentors who have made extraordinary services for the country and society, but also research-oriented educators who are highly inspirational and experienced in teaching. In the era of globalization, with increasing emphasis on the rule of law, Shanghai has accelerated its construction of “the three centers of international finance, trade and shipping”, bringing Fudan Law School enormous opportunities of transformation and development. In the context of internationalization of legal education, of interdisciplinary integration extending to legal research of professions, of the functional identification of legal think tank, and of the shift of research focus from legislation to judicial process, Fudan Law School constantly develops each member’s career prospects, and recruits talents of domestic and overseas, creating new starting points, new pattern and new ecology of Fudan legal studies. We would like to call on your attention to and concerns about the activities of our students, in addition to the achievements of our alumni, both of whom are the pride of Fudan Law School. We follow the great traditions with innovative and transformative ideas; we are open to the world with Chinese consciousness; we are making efforts to train young talents who will be able to cope confidently with the new patterns of rights-safeguarding, international competition and state governance in the 21st century. Let’s join the transformation and development of Fudan Law School together; Let’s witness the brighter future of Fudan Law School together!

Yang Zhaolong law.

Summary Soochow law is a peak China modern legal history, when the "Southern Wu, the name North Chaoyang". Since opening in 1915, Soochow University Law in Anglo American law and comparative law characteristics, gathered and trained a large number of outstanding legal professionals, such as Wang Chonghui, Wu Jingxiong, Sheng Zhenwei, Ni Zhengyu, Li Haopei, Yang Zhaolong, Sun Xiaolou, Qiu Hanping, Pan Handian and so on, their writings have accumulated a wealth of resources for the China modern legal research and legal practice. This series is to save, for this valuable resource collation and dissemination. The famous jurist professor Yang Zhaolong is one of the outstanding representatives of Soochow law. Mr. Yang Zhaolong finishing two big legal system, and the science and practicality, Broadcom, in the academic and practice two aspects have outstanding achievement. Laws and regulations, the monographs, translations, by the book income of Mr. Yang Zhaolong and written judgment, a total of 100 more than word, has extremely important inspiration and reference for today's legal research and legal practice. Author brief introduction Yang Zhaolong, a fly (1904 -- 1979). Graduated from the Philosophy Department of Yanjing University and Law School of Soochow university. After he received a PhD from Harvard University S.J.D law. Followed by the researcher to study at Berlin University in germany. Proficient in English, law, Germany, Italy, Russia, West, Czech, wave the language, on the mainland, the Anglo American two big legal system has profound attainments. 1928 - 1952, at Shanghai, Shanghai and he held, large, Zhejiang University, Chaoyang, Northwestern Business College (Dean), Fudan, Dong Wu School of law (Dean), more than ten kinds of teaching subjects. A former judge, lawyer, the constitution Drafting Committee and resources commissioner, Ministry of justice, criminal, the chief procurator and other staff. Once the drafting "National Mobilization Law", "war crimes tribunal Ordinance" and other five laws. The maximum performance for helping Roscoe? Pound planning reconstruction Chinese legal system, and the 1949 release of tens of thousands of political prisoners. Once the identity Chinese delegate or the head of the two times to the review of European and American judicial system and legal education. Was elected as the director of Institute of comparative law, criminal law, China society president, vice president, director of the International Association of penal law, International Association vice president, international comparison of unification of Criminal Law Association, international law association. Holland was named the Hague Academy of international law is one of the worldwide 50 eminent jurists (China two). Until 1949, the works about 3000000 words, translation is "the Charter of the United Nations" in the text. Catalogue of books Introduction: comparison of the pursuit of democracy and rule of law in the pioneer Lu Jinbi designed the research present situation and the problems associated with the main foreign countries -- the system China judicial system (version 1935 PhD thesis, the Harvard University law) difference of the law of evidence law of civil law and common law where strategies on the weakness of the China notarization system of legal education and evaluation of the period of the Republic of China law remedy in Italy today's law school (translation) on Judicial Reform: reform the current appeal system. On the three trial system abolition or reform the judicial reform should pay attention to the basic problems of sound by the procuratorial system in the development and China's procuratorial system of the abolition America justice the system American judicial system a American recent reform movement in Europe and the United States Court on judicial system and new trends and China's future should have consciousness of consular jurisdiction from waste and the people should have the consciousness of consular jurisdiction and endangering the Republic Foreign people attended the USA Political Social Science Research Council report judicial and prison reform and management a study of dredging prison constitutional recent German constitution File change decentralization system based on reconstruction China method: correspondence modern judicial problems of Pound and Yang Zhaolong (Pang Dejiang Yang Zhaolong) the study abroad experience investigation and attended the International Conference on legal education first report (Pang Dezhuo Yang Zhaolong) talked about China legal education from the European and American legal education experience (Pang Dejiang Yang Zhaolong) Pound wrote on China constitution (Pang Dezhuo Yang Zhaolong) the proper comparison method and historical status in the Chinese law (Pang Dejiang Yang Zhaolong) several proposals about writing a "Chinese method," the outline of the plan for the judicial reform in Hangzhou judicial investigation speech at the Forum on Pound in Hangzhou judicial investigation Symposium speech (Yang Zhaolong) was born the new law China permissions "court" on the eve of the poor -- law civil law and common law difference after the founding of the PRC law of class and inheritance of presumption of Innocence: Several Problems about "class and inheritance" Legal Forum Report legal party and non party between causal relationship of criminal law science in Shanghai law of criminal law science and the presumption of guilt problem Why has the important code of our country is not issued report: Shanghai Daily News Editorial Department of "important code of our country promulgated" why hasn't the Forum on Shanghai intellectual circles discussion the contention of a hundred schools of thought policy reports (Guangming Daily) on the socialist legislation question which he, drafting of important legal documents: military syndrome. Military sign usage rules for the implementation of National Mobilization Law: the implementation of the outline of the National Mobilization Law attached: General Mobilization Law of War Crimes Tribunal Act Two, translation of important legal documents: the Charter of the United Nations, the verdict of three: for insurance claims litigation case judgment Mr. Yang Zhaolong chronicle afterword Chapter excerpt Digest Fichte), Hagel (Hegel) the new Hagel and late sent legal authority Kohler (Kohler) is the proposition. But those who advocate the national culture scholars opponents, not a country under the rule of the "rule of law", but once people such as Kant said the country under the rule of law in the law is not reasonable, which can not meet the needs of the times. In summary, Kant advocated "ruling the country by law" law is biased in favor of individualism is not immutable and frozen, and the time space evolution, is the lack of positive action; "national culture" law is for social benefits, because of time and spaceThe need to constantly evolving, is a positive role. In other words, "national culture" is just a kind of legal nature of the improvement of the country under the rule of law, rule of law is still not. General advocate cultural state is to avoid "noun country governed by law", the purpose in people without Kang De advocated the old country under the rule of law concept, it is not enough to prove they despise the rule of law. By the above, we can know: many people despise or look down the rule of psychology is not legitimate basis; rule of law is not only our national spiritual and political civilization, modern ideals. Within a public authority French law Wu (Maurice Hauriou) said: "the country is a great system" (Une vaste institution); from its main role, such as administrative, judicial opinion, it can be described as "a great discipline system" (Une vaste institution discipinaire). This is a great system includes many small systems, these small system is the major system, also on behalf of the state in the aspects of the role. The so-called "system", in a sense, is a kind of administrative organization, this organization is based on a public service ideas (Lid6e de Service Public) and gradually formed and continue to exist. According to this view, the state is a public service ideals and gradually formed, to the power of organization. The ideal of public service is able to control and make it a reasonable organization, by you for this ideal and the ideal of norm, legal policy and legal principle. If we can support this policy and legal principle, is the ideal power for attention or belief and turn into reality, so the objective system. So the main function of government is to lead you to comply with the laws and principles of law, so that the abstract things into the concrete system, in violation of this Law and policy and legal principle, it has the responsibility of maintaining discipline sanctions. The country is known as "the maintenance of discipline system", it is because of this reason. In other words, the country has become a country to achieve its mission, by you can be disciplined, able to speak the rule of law, because discipline, rule of law, is to make the political ideal into reality the only method of objective system. Our school system as a jurist for our theory in some places may not agree, but generally speaking, they have about the relationship between the rule of law and the country's opinion is worth our attention. Second is to study the foundation of the rule of law. The rule of law is the basis of conditions in the two kinds of mental or psychological construction above, these two conditions is: understand and weight method. The so-called "know" is generalized, not only refers to "know the law", and also includes all the legal accomplishment make legal principle abstract in actual political life and specific need. The latter includes the use of a wide range of machinery and the existing legal norms of legal norms, but also on the supplementary and adjustment, reform and other creative work. Germany's "normative school" (Normativist sch001) scholars such as Meckel (Merkl) and Kell (Kelsen) and taste to promote the so-called "rank method construction" (Theorie des mchflichen stufenbaus) or "legal gradually concrete" (Doatrine ofthe gradual concrefization ofthe law). According to them, the legal system of a P460 state will trace to a high standard, the so-called "basic standard" (Gmndnom), this kind of "basic norms" is the distance from the real life so far, the most abstract. If we want to make the basic norms and the reality of political or life, namely in the actual political life or specific performance, must go through a process, its abstract a layer to reduce, until it with all the practical politics or life has become integrated with the event date. This process is long and complex, it not only includes the basic norms of the concrete itself gradually, also includes the lower standard gradually concrete. So whether it is the fundamental law, common law, regulations, rules or abstract command, have to go through this process, can be in the actual political life or performance. In speaking, this process may include the following several stages: (1) reached the basic regulation from the basic specification, namely the law of common law or its effect is equal to that of the legislature; (2) by the common law (a) directly to specific event processing, is the specification for concrete event; or (b) to reach other abstract order rules, procedures or government, then by these rules, procedures, command to deal with specific events, the rules, measures, order applies to specific events. The so-called specific events or various specifications applicable to specific events, sometimes restricted to stakeholders for a specific event according to the laws or regulations of command automated behavior or not behavior, such as the sale of the company, organization, debt repayment is; sometimes includes interference, dispute the competent national representative organ of the solution, the referee or dispose of the compulsory execution is. The above several stages contain some law creation work. The common law or established. Needless to say, enforcement is to solve the dispute, law interpretation and the referee or action also has a law making role. As far as the contract is entered into, the articles of association of the company through the and so on, the surface, although with the method of creating independent, but the actual, also has a law making role, because inside a specified contract and the company's articles of association is the norm, the relationship with the general laws or regulations, regulations, orders, relationship it and the common law and the basic norms of the similar. They are moving towards a goal, namely the abstraction of large or wide specification range Abstract smaller or the applicable scope is narrow. In other words, making the law.As is not limited to the common people that form the scope of legislation, the legislative process is completed in the future work, still need to continue in the administrative, judicial and private law behavior. The above theory, no matter how the critics view it, perhaps a little is to be able to withstand heavy battering, that is: in the process of abstract principle of various legal gradually embodied in law making, we need to do a lot of work; we not only stand in the legislation and regulations, procedures, command authorities stand to make law standing on the interpretation or application, the law position, also be made law. Because the law is often make omissions, contradictions, problems such as vague, be inopportune or inappropriate, the first responsibility of interpretation or application of laws is to remedy these defects, the essence of law's remedial work is made law work. Law making work has limits, on the one hand, subject to the upper law restrictions, on the other hand, subject to the requirements of environment restriction. So it's objective is twofold: first to make the law spirit made law and according to the agreement, second to the law required a certain period or region. In this work, the profound research not only have a system for the existing laws, and also for the legislative policy and legislative technology has considerable experience. If they do not have these conditions, they will blindly made law, can not carry out the spirit of law, the complex is neglected environment, so various legal principles in the process of concrete will be spoiled or with the realistic social life conflict. In this case, whether the legal principle is how beautiful, is free of P461

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龙在长天待一飞——近代著名法学家杨兆龙的心路历程

兆龙,字一飞(1904—1979年);毕业于燕京大学和东吴大学;后获哈佛大学法学博士学位;通晓英、法、德、意、俄、西班牙、波兰、捷克等八国外语,对大陆、英美两大法系均有精深造诣;曾任推事、律师、宪法起草委员会和资源委员会专员、代理民国最高检察长等职;曾草拟《国家总动员法》、《战争罪犯审判条例》等法律,翻译《联合国宪章》等;曾当选为中国比较法学会会长、刑法学会会长、国际刑法学会副会长等;被荷兰海牙国际法学院评选为世界范围内50位杰出法学家之一。新中国成立后曾任东吴大学法学院院长、复旦大学教授,后在“左”的运动中迭遭不幸,1979年去世,1980年被彻底平反。 出生于江苏金坛一个普通农家的杨兆龙,既非官二代,亦非富二代。一路走来,他经历的心路历程在中国近代法学史中颇具代表性。 从民族主义者到民主主义者 像多数知识分子那样,杨兆龙经历了从民族主义到民主主义、再到新民主主义的政治选择。杨兆龙一生有强烈的民族主义情怀,实际上就是爱国主义。我们可以举出如下数例: 1929年,25岁的杨兆龙经恩师吴经熊推荐,担任上海租界临时法院推事(即法官),专办华洋诉讼案件。摆在杨兆龙面前的有两条路:一是巴结洋人,飞黄腾达;二是不畏权势,秉公执法。他选择了后者。任职期间对为非作歹、触犯法律的洋人他绝不宽纵,坚决维护中国人的合法权益,《字林西报》多次盛赞这位年轻法官,因此,他在沪上声誉鹊起,其判词入选吴经熊主编的《法学文选》。但也因此被偏袒本国当事人的外国陪审领事所恼恨,屈服于洋人压力的司法部部长魏道明不久便解除了杨兆龙的职务。 杨兆龙是恩师吴经熊推荐到租界法院做法官的,他绝不偏袒洋人的办案风格品格是与吴经熊的示范教育分不开的。吴经熊的名言是:“作为一名中国人,我有一个祖国要拯救,我有一群人民要启蒙,我有一个种族要高举,我有一个文明要现代化。” 1931年,27岁的杨兆龙应友人司法部次长郑天锡(中国著名法学家、外交家,伦敦大学法学系毕业,曾任多所大学法学教授,司法行政部次长,国际联盟常设法院法官)之邀,担任司法部任秘书科专门负责涉外事务的科长。在南京任职的三年期间,曾处理过一件轰动一时的涉外事件。杨兆龙坚决抵制外国人滥用领事裁判权的非法行为。有一次,杨兆龙曾陪同一个美国人(他自称为牛兰夫妇的朋友)来南京监狱探望牛兰夫妇。后者因在中国从事间谍活动而被捕。这个美国人与牛兰夫妇见面后,竟暗示牛兰写遗嘱,等牛兰写好遗嘱后,他便赶紧接过来自己收好。依据中国监狱的规定(外国也是如此),因为此类文件关系重大,非经监狱当局审查或登记不能带出监狱。杨兆龙当即要求该美国人将遗嘱提交监狱当局并审查登记。但该美国人竟坚决地拒绝,虽经大家劝说,仍不予理睬,而且起身欲往外跑。杨对他说:“你一定要遵章将遗嘱交给监狱当局审查登记才能出去。”他说:“我是美国人,谁敢阻止我出去”。杨表示:“你是美国人,但不能禁止我们维持监狱秩序”。他仍然置之不理,而向外跑。在场的看守人员团团把他围住,他才停下来,不得不履行登记手续。 1935年5月,杨兆龙在美国哈佛大学法学院获得法学博士学位。导师庞德教授提出,只了解英美法系还不够,还要熟悉大陆法系,因此亲自推荐他到德国柏林大学攻读博士学位。一年之后,国内抗日呼声普遍高涨,中日战争有一触即发之势。杨兆龙决定放弃原定赴俄、波、捷考察之计划,结束在柏林大学之法学研究,毅然回国,参加抗战 回国后他受聘为司法部法制专员,1937年因受哈佛同学朱宗道的推荐,他被聘为国家资源委员会技术专家,奉命起草《军事征用法》、《军事征用法实施细则》、《国民总动员法》等抗战法律法规,并经立法院讨论通过。1943年同盟国在伦敦设立“调查战罪委员会”,远东分会设于重庆,由王宠惠代表中国出任委员。1943年,杨兆龙受聘为行政院“敌人罪行调查委员会”委员,负责战犯罪行调查工作。1944年8月份受聘为司法行政部刑事司长。1945年初他亲自草拟《战争罪犯审判条例》并重新制定《汉奸惩治条例》,分别于1946年10月24日和1945年12月6日经国民政府颁布经立法院通过后实施,成为我国审判日本战犯和惩治汉奸的法律依据。日本投降后,杨只身返宁,组织“日本战犯罪证调查室”,自兼主任,倪征日奥为副主任(倪很快就调任东京远东军事法庭中国法律代表团的检察官)。他领导700余名工作人员收集日寇侵华罪行材料30余万件,将部分重要战犯案件卷宗呈送远东军事法庭审查,其余战犯案件卷宗送交中国战争罪犯审判委员会审查。杨兆龙为东京审判提供了有力的证据。2004年10月中央电视台播出了七集历史文献片《丧钟为谁而鸣——远东国际军事法庭审判纪实》,其中提到“杨兆龙提供了大量确凿的罪证无疑起到了决定性的作用”。 杨兆龙亲自草拟的审判国内汉奸的《战争罪犯审判条例》,也受到了国际社会的赞誉。1947年6月中旬杨兆龙赴英国时,设在伦敦的联合国战罪委员会负责人曾当面向到访的杨兆龙表示对该条例“甚为满意”,“与该会之政策及国际法之最新发展不谋而合”。 中华民族为何到了近代落后挨打?有识之士从经济原因找到政治原因,再找到观念原因,最后大都聚焦于民主法治,从民族主义(爱国主义)必然地转向民主主义,成为孙中山的追随者。杨兆龙很早就研读孙中山的学说,也细心探究西方近代崛起的原因。难能可贵的是,他像孙中山那样,主张借鉴西方而不照搬西方。他在哈佛大学的博士论文《中国司法制度之现状及问题研究——与外国主要国家相关制度之比较》开宗明义:“如同其他许多国家一样,中国的司法制度也呈现出许多问题。20世纪初叶曾将所谓的近代司法制度引进国内。历25年的经验证明:法治改革必须适合中国的国情。清末司法改革运动之初,曾盲目采用外国法制。现在,大家普遍觉得,只能从国家特定的需要出发,对外国法制择其善者而用之。” 1946年,杨兆龙邀请庞德教授担任司法部顾问,协助中国战后的法制重建工作。1945年10月,杨兆龙向司法部长谢冠生建议并获允许,邀请哈佛大学法学院庞德教授来华,襄助中国策划战后法制之重建工程。翌年6月庞德应邀来华莅任后,杨兆龙成为其师的最佳搭挡。除陪同其赴各处做司法和法学专题的系列讲座并为其翻译外,主要是协助其对现行的各种法律和法律教科书进行全面的检查,草拟创设“中国法学中心”的计划纲要,成立中心组织,拟邀请著名法学家参与编写一部系统的关于中国法制的巨著——《中国法通典》。该通典“要求学理与实际并重;并对中外法例作深刻的比较研究”,俾“使法律之解释及适用臻于统一”。此外,还要编写一套具有相当权威性的法律教科书,以改变中国法律教育之落后现状。 为中国法制之重建,还采取了以下三个重要举措:一是组织以杨兆龙为团长的中国司法代表团,赴美、英、法、德、意、比、瑞士等七国考察司法制度和法律教育,历时近1年(1946年11月至1947年9月20日)。期间,杨大部分时间用于协助先期返美的庞德为中国之法制改革做准备。在哈佛起草了《中国法通典》的七卷本与五卷本两个计划大纲。二是全国司法行政检讨会议于1947年11月上旬在南京举行。会上,庞德做专题报告——《近代司法的问题》,杨任翻译。继而,杨做了《出国考察及参加国际会议之经历》的报告。在讨论法制改革之议程中,杨兆龙与庞德联名提案三项,杨单独提案三项;其内容均体现了“宏宣法治、维护人权”之宗旨。三是组织以庞德和杨兆龙为正副团长的中国司法调查团,分5个专业组,于1948年5月分赴京沪、沪杭、浙赣调查。结束后,草拟初步总结,再逐步扩大调查区域,无奈内战的硝烟迅速蔓延。1948年11月21日,庞德奉召返美,此项法制重建事业半途而废。 庞德担任顾问期间所进行的各项司法研究、司法改革计划和司法现状调查工作,皆由杨兆龙负责协助与翻译。有学者称这是继沈家本之后,近百年中国法制现代化过程中,第二次有系统、有计划的司法改革建议。但不管是杨兆龙,还是庞德,他们都没有借这次司法改革机会全盘照搬西方的司法模式。庞德1947年11月在全国司法行政检讨会议上所作(由杨兆龙现场翻译)的专题报告《近代司法的问题》中说:“我要向诸位说:你们应该信任你们自己。中国现在有干练的法学家,他们有充分的能力来根据现有的法典发展中国法。抄袭模仿外国制度的时代已经过去,现在正是在你们现有的法典上树立一座中国法的坚实建筑物的时候。” 杨兆龙首先是一个民族主义者,有着强烈的爱国主义情怀,他深知近代中国之所以被欺凌,是因为政治制度缺乏民主法治,所以他要“师夷技之长以制夷”,吸纳西方民主法治,这样他又成为一个民主主义者。爱国就会要求民主,民主是为了爱国。爱国与民主交织在一起,是杨兆龙这一代知识分子的基本考量。

Knowledge Graph
Examples

1 Yang Zhaolong's experience should serve as a reminder for us not to commit the same mistake today.

2 In 1956, Yang Zhaolong of Fudang University Law School of Shanghai, in an article in Huadong zhengfa xuebao on "The Class Nature and the Heritability of Law", discussed seriously the relationship between the class and the nonclass features.